Bornstein P, Agah A, Kyriakides TR. The role of thrombospondins 1 and 2 in the regulation of cell-matrix interactions, collagen fibril formation, and the response to injury. Int J Biochem Cell Biol. 2004;36(6):1115–25.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Zhang K, Li M, Yin L, Fu G, Liu Z. Role of thrombospondin1 and thrombospondin2 in cardiovascular diseases (Review). Int J Mol Med. 2020;45(5):1275–93.

CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Hanatani S, Izumiya Y, Takashio S, Kimura Y, Araki S, Rokutanda T, Tsujita K, Yamamoto E, Tanaka T, Yamamuro M, et al. Circulating thrombospondin-2 reflects disease severity and predicts outcome of heart failure with reduced ejection fraction. Circ J. 2014;78(4):903–10.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Kimura Y, Izumiya Y, Hanatani S, Yamamoto E, Kusaka H, Tokitsu T, Takashio S, Sakamoto K, Tsujita K, Tanaka T, et al. High serum levels of thrombospondin-2 correlate with poor prognosis of patients with heart failure with preserved ejection fraction. Heart Vessels. 2016;31(1):52–9.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Egerstedt A, Berntsson J, Smith ML, Gidlof O, Nilsson R, Benson M, Wells QS, Celik S, Lejonberg C, Farrell L, et al. Profiling of the plasma proteome across different stages of human heart failure. Nat Commun. 2019;10(1):5830.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Wells QS, Gupta DK, Smith JG, Collins SP, Storrow AB, Ferguson J, Smith ML, Pulley JM, Collier S, Wang X, et al. Accelerating biomarker discovery through electronic health records, automated biobanking, and proteomics. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2019;73(17):2195–205.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Dunlay SM, Givertz MM, Aguilar D, Allen LA, Chan M, Desai AS, Deswal A, Dickson VV, Kosiborod MN, Lekavich CL, et al. Type 2 diabetes mellitus and heart failure, a scientific statement from the American heart association and heart failure society of America. J Card Fail. 2019;25(8):584–619.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Kristensen SL, Preiss D, Jhund PS, Squire I, Cardoso JS, Merkely B, Martinez F, Starling RC, Desai AS, Lefkowitz MP, et al. Risk related to pre-diabetes mellitus and diabetes mellitus in heart failure with reduced ejection fraction: insights from prospective comparison of ARNI With ACEI to determine impact on global mortality and morbidity in heart failure trial. Circ Heart Fail 2016, 9(1).

Erdmann E, Charbonnel B, Wilcox RG, Skene AM, Massi-Benedetti M, Yates J, Tan M, Spanheimer R, Standl E, Dormandy JA, et al. Pioglitazone use and heart failure in patients with type 2 diabetes and preexisting cardiovascular disease: data from the PROactive study (PROactive 08). Diabetes Care. 2007;30(11):2773–8.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Giugliano D, Longo M, Scappaticcio L, Bellastella G, Maiorino MI, Esposito K. SGLT-2 inhibitors and cardiorenal outcomes in patients with or without type 2 diabetes: a meta-analysis of 11 CVOTs. Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2021;20(1):236.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Raman P, Harry C, Weber M, Krukovets I, Stenina OI. A novel transcriptional mechanism of cell type-specific regulation of vascular gene expression by glucose. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2011;31(3):634–42.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Bae ON, Wang JM, Baek SH, Wang Q, Yuan H, Chen AF. Oxidative stress-mediated thrombospondin-2 upregulation impairs bone marrow-derived angiogenic cell function in diabetes mellitus. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2013;33(8):1920–7.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Kunkemoeller B, Bancroft T, Xing H, Morris AH, Luciano AK, Wu J, Fernandez-Hernando C, Kyriakides TR: Elevated Thrombospondin-2 contributes to delayed wound healing in diabetes. Diabetes 2019.

Zinman B, Wanner C, Lachin JM, Fitchett D, Bluhmki E, Hantel S, Mattheus M, Devins T, Johansen OE, Woerle HJ, et al. Empagliflozin, cardiovascular outcomes, and mortality in type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2015;373(22):2117–28.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Neal B, Perkovic V, Mahaffey KW, de Zeeuw D, Fulcher G, Erondu N, Shaw W, Law G, Desai M, Matthews DR, et al. Canagliflozin and cardiovascular and renal events in type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2017;377(7):644–57.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Wiviott SD, Raz I, Bonaca MP, Mosenzon O, Kato ET, Cahn A, Silverman MG, Zelniker TA, Kuder JF, Murphy SA, et al. Dapagliflozin and cardiovascular outcomes in type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2019;380(4):347–57.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

McMurray JJV, Solomon SD, Inzucchi SE, Kober L, Kosiborod MN, Martinez FA, Ponikowski P, Sabatine MS, Anand IS, Belohlavek J, et al. Dapagliflozin in patients with heart failure and reduced ejection fraction. N Engl J Med. 2019;381(21):1995–2008.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Packer M, Anker SD, Butler J, Filippatos G, Pocock SJ, Carson P, Januzzi J, Verma S, Tsutsui H, Brueckmann M, et al. Cardiovascular and renal outcomes with empagliflozin in heart failure. N Engl J Med. 2020;383(15):1413–24.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Anker SD, Butler J, Filippatos G, Ferreira JP, Bocchi E, Bohm M, Brunner-La Rocca HP, Choi DJ, Chopra V, Chuquiure-Valenzuela E, et al. Empagliflozin in heart failure with a preserved ejection fraction. N Engl J Med 2021.

Lee CH, Cheung CYY, Woo YC, Lui DTW, Yuen MMA, Fong CHY, Chow WS, Xu A, Lam KSL. Prospective associations of circulating adipocyte fatty acid-binding protein levels with risks of renal outcomes and mortality in type 2 diabetes. Diabetologia. 2019;62(1):169–77.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Chen Y, Zhao CT, Zhen Z, Wong A, Tse HF, Yiu KH. Association of myocardial dysfunction with vitamin D deficiency in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. J Diabetes Complicat. 2014;28(3):286–90.

Article  Google Scholar 

Wu MZ, Lee CH, Chen Y, Yu SY, Yu YJ, Ren QW, Fong HC, Wong PF, Tse HF, Lam SK, et al. Association between adipocyte fatty acid-binding protein with left ventricular remodelling and diastolic function in type 2 diabetes: a prospective echocardiography study. Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2020;19(1):197.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Levey AS, Stevens LA, Schmid CH, Zhang YL, Castro AF 3rd, Feldman HI, Kusek JW, Eggers P, Van Lente F, Greene T, et al. A new equation to estimate glomerular filtration rate. Ann Intern Med. 2009;150(9):604–12.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Chapter 2. Definition, identification, and prediction of CKD progression. Kidney International Supplements 2013(3):63–72.

Methodology WCCfDS: Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical (ATC) / Defined Daily Dose (DDD) index on sodium-glucose co-transporter 2 inhibitors. 2019.

D. S: Chi-squared goodness-of-fit tests for the proportional hazards regression model. Biometrika 1980, 67(1):145–153.

Kresoja KP, Rommel KP, Wachter R, Henger S, Besler C, Kloting N, Schnelle M, Hoffmann A, Buttner P, Ceglarek U, et al. Proteomics to improve phenotyping in obese patients with heart failure with preserved ejection fraction. Eur J Heart Fail. 2021;23(10):1633–44.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Chan MY, Efthymios M, Tan SH, Pickering JW, Troughton R, Pemberton C, Ho HH, Prabath JF, Drum CL, Ling LH, et al. Prioritizing candidates of post-myocardial infarction heart failure using plasma proteomics and single-cell transcriptomics. Circulation. 2020;142(15):1408–21.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Agah A, Kyriakides TR, Lawler J, Bornstein P. The lack of thrombospondin-1 (TSP1) dictates the course of wound healing in double-TSP1/TSP2-null mice. Am J Pathol. 2002;161(3):831–9.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Reinecke H, Robey TE, Mignone JL, Muskheli V, Bornstein P, Murry CE. Lack of thrombospondin-2 reduces fibrosis and increases vascularity around cardiac cell grafts. Cardiovasc Pathol. 2013;22(1):91–5.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Schroen B, Heymans S, Sharma U, Blankesteijn WM, Pokharel S, Cleutjens JP, Porter JG, Evelo CT, Duisters R, van Leeuwen RE, et al. Thrombospondin-2 is essential for myocardial matrix integrity: increased expression identifies failure-prone cardiac hypertrophy. Circ Res. 2004;95(5):515–22.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Swinnen M, Vanhoutte D, Van Almen GC, Hamdani N, Schellings MW, D’Hooge J, Van der Velden J, Weaver MS, Sage EH, Bornstein P, et al. Absence of thrombospondin-2 causes age-related dilated cardiomyopathy. Circulation. 2009;120(16):1585–97.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

van Almen GC, Swinnen M, Carai P, Verhesen W, Cleutjens JP, D’Hooge J, Verheyen FK, Pinto YM, Schroen B, Carmeliet P, et al. Absence of thrombospondin-2 increases cardiomyocyte damage and matrix disruption in doxorubicin-induced cardiomyopathy. J Mol Cell Cardiol. 2011;51(3):318–28.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Papageorgiou AP, Swinnen M, Vanhoutte D, VandenDriessche T, Chuah M, Lindner D, Verhesen W, de Vries B, D’Hooge J, Lutgens E, et al. Thrombospondin-2 prevents cardiac injury and dysfunction in viral myocarditis through the activation of regulatory T-cells. Cardiovasc Res. 2012;94(1):115–24.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Gregg EW, Cheng YJ, Srinivasan M, Lin J, Geiss LS, Albright AL, Imperatore G. Trends in cause-specific mortality among adults with and without diagnosed diabetes in the USA: an epidemiological analysis of linked national survey and vital statistics data. Lancet. 2018;391(10138):2430–40.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Cosentino F, Grant PJ, Aboyans V, Bailey CJ, Ceriello A, Delgado V, Federici M, Filippatos G, Grobbee DE, Hansen TB, et al. 2019 ESC Guidelines on diabetes, pre-diabetes, and cardiovascular diseases developed in collaboration with the EASD. Eur Heart J. 2020;41(2):255–323.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Perkovic V, Jardine MJ, Neal B, Bompoint S, Heerspink HJL, Charytan DM, Edwards R, Agarwal R, Bakris G, Bull S, et al. Canagliflozin and renal outcomes in type 2 diabetes and nephropathy. N Engl J Med. 2019;380(24):2295–306.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Bhatt DL, Szarek M, Pitt B, Cannon CP, Leiter LA, McGuire DK, Lewis JB, Riddle MC, Inzucchi SE, Kosiborod MN, et al. Sotagliflozin in patients with diabetes and chronic kidney disease. N Engl J Med. 2021;384(2):129–39.

Article  CAS