Available online 5 November 2022

Section snippetsUpper gastrointestinal endoscopy (UGIE)

UGIE was considered as the most effective procedures to provide valuable information for the diagnosis of gastroduodenal disorders, such as dyspepsia, persistent nausea and vomiting, dysphagia, chest or abdomen pain, hematemesis or melena, early satiety, or anorexia. Related clinical epidemiological study in Tanzania is still limited. The first report published in 1991 indicated 70% of all patients examined had abnormal findings with duodenal ulcer as the most frequent diagnosis (22%),

Colonoscopy

Colonoscopy examination is a time-consuming and difficult process that can be quite uncomfortable and hazardous. As far as we known, no previous studies published to date yet discussed the clinical features and colonoscopy outcomes in Tanzania. It has been documented a sixfold increase in colorectal cancer incidence in the past decade, with the incidence in the Kilimanjaro region estimated at 4.4 per 100,000 population-the third highest in the country after Dar-es-Salaam and the Pwani region.

Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP)

Since the introduction of ERCP about half a century ago, it has been revolutionized the diagnosis and management of biliary and pancreatic disease. During early decades, ERCP has been considered to be invaluable as both a diagnostic and therapeutic procedure [10]. with the development of noninvasive imaging technology, ERCP has been transformed into an almost exclusively therapeutic procedure now days. To our knowledge, the number of patients who underwent ERCP is still limited in

Endoscopic ultrasonography (EUS)

EUS is now well recognized as an important tool in clinical practice, from purely diagnostic imaging to provide the basis for therapeutic purpose. It can be divided into radial or linear echoendoscopes according to different scanning principles. EUS is well proved for differentiation of submucosal lesions, for identifying the TNM stage of gastrointestinal or pancreaticobiliary cancers, for the diagnosis of benign pancreaticobiliary disorders and histological acquisition, which can be accepted

Small-bowel capsule endoscopy (SBCE)/Device-assisted enteroscopy (DAE)

SBCE and DAE have been applied in clinical practice in developed countries nearly twenty years ago. Their combined use has a new method to investigate and manage of small-bowel disorder, such as the identification of obscure gastrointestinal bleeding), and lead to the improvement of new diagnostic and therapeutic approaches [13]. Until now, no above-mentioned instruments were introduced to Tanzania.

Endoscopic intervention

Esophageal variceal ligation (EVL) was widely recognized as the optimum endoscopic therapy for esophageal variceal in the secondary prevention of esophageal variceal bleeding (EVB). Meanwhile, endoscopic ablation and resection have been developed significantly in past decade, with sophisticated techniques now allowing even the largest lesion to be endoscopically removed. In Tanzania, due to hyper-endemic schistosomiasis, the prevalence of esophageal varices among patients with upper

Declaration of Competing Interest

The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.

Acknowledgments

The authors thank all the patients and clinical investigators who are involved in this study.

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