Agius MA, Klodowska-Duda G, Maciejowski M, Potemkowski A, Li J, Patra K, Wesley J, Madani S, Barron G, Katz E et al (2019) Safety and tolerability of inebilizumab (MEDI-551), an anti-CD19 monoclonal antibody, in patients with relapsing forms of multiple sclerosis: Results from a phase 1 randomised, placebo-controlled, escalating intravenous and subcutaneous dose study. Multiple Scler J 25:235–245. https://doi.org/10.1177/1352458517740641

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Anolik JH, Barnard J, Owen T, Zheng B, Kemshetti S, Looney RJ, Sanz I (2007) Delayed memory B cell recovery in peripheral blood and lymphoid tissue in systemic lupus erythematosus after B cell depletion therapy. Arthritis Rheum 56:3044–3056. https://doi.org/10.1002/art.22810

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Becerra E, De La Torre I, Leandro MJ, Cambridge G (2017) B cell phenotypes in patients with rheumatoid arthritis relapsing after rituximab: expression of B cell-activating factor-binding receptors on B cell subsets. Clin Exp Immunol 190:372–383. https://doi.org/10.1111/cei.13024

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Blum S, Gillis D, Brown H, Boyle R, Henderson R, Heyworth-Smith D, Hogan P, Kubler P, Lander C, Limberg N et al (2011) Use and monitoring of low dose rituximab in myasthenia gravis. J Neurol, Neurosurg Psychiat 82:659–663. https://doi.org/10.1136/jnnp.2010.220475

Article  Google Scholar 

Butler A, Hoffman P, Smibert P, Papalexi E, Satija R (2018) Integrating single-cell transcriptomic data across different conditions, technologies, and species. Nature Biotechnol 36:411–420. https://doi.org/10.1038/nbt.4096

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Chen D, Blazek M, Ireland S, Ortega S, Kong X, Meeuwissen A, Stowe A, Carter L, Wang Y, Herbst R et al (2014) Single dose of Glycoengineered Anti-CD19 antibody (MEDI551) disrupts experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis by inhibiting pathogenic adaptive immune responses in the bone marrow and spinal cord while preserving peripheral regulatory mechanisms. J Immunol 193:4823–4832. https://doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.1401478

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Cortés-Vicente E, Rojas-Garcia R, Díaz-Manera J, Querol L, Casasnovas C, Guerrero-Sola A, Muñoz-Blanco JL, Bárcena-Llona JE, Márquez-Infante C, Pardo J et al (2018) The impact of rituximab infusion protocol on the long-term outcome in anti-MuSK myasthenia gravis. Ann Clin Trans Neurol 5:710–716. https://doi.org/10.1002/acn3.564

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Cree BAC, Bennett JL, Kim HJ, Weinshenker BG, Pittock SJ, Wingerchuk DM, Fujihara K, Paul F, Cutter GR, Marignier R et al (2019) Inebilizumab for the treatment of neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (N-MOmentum): a double-blind, randomised placebo-controlled phase 2/3 trial. Lancet. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(19)31817-3

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Crickx E, Chappert P, Sokal A, Weller S, Azzaoui I, Vandenberghe A, Bonnard G, Rossi G, Fadeev T, Storck S et al (2021) Rituximab-resistant splenic memory B cells and newly engaged naive B cells fuel relapses in patients with immune thrombocytopenia. Sci Transl Med. https://doi.org/10.1126/scitranslmed.abc3961

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Diaz-Manera J, Martinez-Hernandez E, Querol L, Klooster R, Rojas-Garcia R, Suarez-Calvet X, Munoz-Blanco JL, Mazia C, Straasheijm KR, Gallardo E et al (2012) Long-lasting treatment effect of rituximab in MuSK myasthenia. Neurology 78:189–193. https://doi.org/10.1212/WNL.0b013e3182407982

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Ellebrecht CT, Bhoj VG, Nace A, Choi EJ, Mao X, Cho MJ, Di Zenzo G, Lanzavecchia A, Seykora JT, Cotsarelis G et al (2016) Reengineering chimeric antigen receptor T cells for targeted therapy of autoimmune disease. Science 353:179–184. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aaf6756

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Feng J, Xu H, Cinquina A, Wu Z, Chen Q, Zhang P, Wang X, Shan H, Xu L, Zhang Q et al (2021) Treatment of Aggressive T Cell Lymphoblastic Lymphoma/leukemia Using Anti-CD5 CAR T Cells. Stem Cell Rev Rep 17:652–661. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12015-020-10092-9

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Fichtner ML, Jiang R, Bourke A, Nowak RJ, O’Connor KC (2020) Autoimmune pathology in myasthenia gravis disease subtypes is governed by divergent mechanisms of immunopathology. Front Immunol 11:776. https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2020.00776

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Fichtner ML, Vieni C, Redler RL, Kolich L, Jiang R, Takata K, Stathopoulos P, Suarez PA, Nowak RJ, Burden SJ et al (2020) Affinity maturation is required for pathogenic monovalent IgG4 autoantibody development in myasthenia gravis. J Exp Med. https://doi.org/10.1084/jem.20200513

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Gadala-Maria D, Yaari G, Uduman M, Kleinstein SH (2015) Automated analysis of high-throughput B-cell sequencing data reveals a high frequency of novel immunoglobulin V gene segment alleles. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A: https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1417683112

Article  Google Scholar 

Gilhus NE (2016) Myasthenia gravis. N Engl J Med 375:2570–2581. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMra1602678

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Gomez AM, Stevens JA, Mane-Damas M, Molenaar P, Duimel H, Verheyen F, Cossins J, Beeson D, De Baets MH, Losen M et al (2016) Silencing of Dok-7 in adult rat muscle increases susceptibility to passive transfer myasthenia gravis. Am J Pathol 186:2559–2568. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajpath.2016.05.025

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Graus YF, de Baets MH, Parren PW, Berrih-Aknin S, Wokke J, van Breda Vriesman PJ, Burton DR (1997) Human anti-nicotinic acetylcholine receptor recombinant Fab fragments isolated from thymus-derived phage display libraries from myasthenia gravis patients reflect predominant specificities in serum and block the action of pathogenic serum antibodies. J Immunol 158:1919–1929

CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Guidicelli VCD, Bodmer J, MÅller W, Busin C, Mash S, Bontrop R, Marc L, Malik A, Lefranc MP (1997) IMGT, The International ImMunoGeneTics database. 25: 206-211

Gupta NT, Adams KD, Briggs AW, Timberlake SC, Vigneault F, Kleinstein SH (2017) Hierarchical clustering can identify B cell clones with high confidence in Ig repertoire sequencing data. J Immunol 198:2489–2499. https://doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.1601850

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Gupta NT, Vander Heiden JA, Uduman M, Gadala-Maria D, Yaari G, Kleinstein SH (2015) Change-O: a toolkit for analyzing large-scale B cell immunoglobulin repertoire sequencing data. Bioinformatics 31:3356–3358. https://doi.org/10.1093/bioinformatics/btv359

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Guptill JT, Sanders DB, Evoli A (2011) Anti-MuSK antibody myasthenia gravis: clinical findings and response to treatment in two large cohorts. Muscle Nerve 44:36–40. https://doi.org/10.1002/mus.22006

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Hao Y, Hao S, Andersen-Nissen E, Mauck WM 3rd, Zheng S, Butler A, Lee MJ, Wilk AJ, Darby C, Zager M et al (2021) Integrated analysis of multimodal single-cell data. Cell 184:3573-3587.e3529. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2021.04.048

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Hewett K, Sanders DB, Grove RA, Broderick CL, Rudo TJ, Bassiri A, Zvartau-Hind M, Bril V (2018) Randomized study of adjunctive belimumab in participants with generalized myasthenia gravis. Neurology 90:e1425–e1434. https://doi.org/10.1212/wnl.0000000000005323

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Higuchi O, Hamuro J, Motomura M, Yamanashi Y (2011) Autoantibodies to low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 4 in myasthenia gravis. Ann Neurol 69:418–422. https://doi.org/10.1002/ana.22312

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Hoch W, McConville J, Helms S, Newsom-Davis J, Melms A, Vincent A (2001) Auto-antibodies to the receptor tyrosine kinase MuSK in patients with myasthenia gravis without acetylcholine receptor antibodies. Nat Med 7:365–368

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Hoehn KB, Pybus OG, Kleinstein SH (2022) Phylogenetic analysis of migration, differentiation, and class switching in B cells. PLoS Comput Biol 18:e1009885. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pcbi.1009885

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Hoehn KB, Vander Heiden JA, Zhou JQ, Lunter G, Pybus OG, Kleinstein SH (2019) Repertoire-wide phylogenetic models of B cell molecular evolution reveal evolutionary signatures of aging and vaccination. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 116:22664–22672. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1906020116

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Huijbers MG, Vergoossen DL, Fillie-Grijpma YE, van Es IE, Koning MT, Slot LM, Veelken H, Plomp JJ, van der Maarel SM, Verschuuren JJ (2019) MuSK myasthenia gravis monoclonal antibodies: Valency dictates pathogenicity. Neurol Neuroimmunol Neuroinflamm 6:e547. https://doi.org/10.1212/NXI.0000000000000547

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Huijbers MG, Zhang W, Klooster R, Niks EH, Friese MB, Straasheijm KR, Thijssen PE, Vrolijk H, Plomp JJ, Vogels P et al (2013) MuSK IgG4 autoantibodies cause myasthenia gravis by inhibiting binding between MuSK and Lrp4. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 110:20783–20788. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1313944110

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Jiang R, Fichtner ML, Hoehn KB, Pham MC, Stathopoulos P, Nowak RJ, Kleinstein SH, O’Connor KC (2020) Single-cell repertoire tracing identifies rituximab-resistant B cells during myasthenia gravis relapses. JCI Insight: https://doi.org/10.1172/jci.insight.136471

Article  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Joly P, Maho-Vaillant M, Prost-Squarcioni C, Hebert V, Houivet E, Calbo S, Caillot F, Golinski ML, Labeille B, Picard-Dahan C et al (2017) First-line rituximab combined with short-term prednisone versus prednisone alone for the treatment of pemphigus (Ritux 3): a prospective, multicentre, parallel-group, open-label randomised trial. Lancet (London, England) 389:2031–2040. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(17)30070-3

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Keung B, Robeson KR, DiCapua DB, Rosen JB, O’Connor KC, Goldstein JM, Nowak RJ (2013) Long-term benefit of rituximab in MuSK autoantibody myasthenia gravis patients. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 84:1407–1409. https://doi.org/10.1136/jnnp-2012-303664

Article  PubMed