“Influential” Intraoperative Educators and Variability of Teaching Styles

Elsevier

Available online 1 November 2022

Journal of Surgical EducationHighlights•

Surgical educators utilize defined approaches in intraoperative supervision

Effective approaches to surgical education may vary according to context

Strategies used by influential surgeons in surgical training are highlighted

Objectives

Academic surgeons manage their role as intraoperative educators in a variety of ways. Such variability is neither idiosyncratic nor is there a single best approach. This study sought to explore the practices of surgeons deemed influential by their residents, allowing insight into a variety of potentially effective practices.

Participants

Constructivist grounded theory guided data collection and analysis. Data sources included surveys from senior surgical residents (PGY3-6) and recent graduates from an academic hospital in Canada (36% response rate), intraoperative observations of teaching interactions, and semi-structured interviews with observed surgeons. Rigour was supported by data triangulation, constant comparison, and collection to theoretical sufficiency.

Design

We developed a framework grouping effective teaching into three overlapping approaches: exacting, empowering, and fostering. The approaches differ based on the level of independence granted and the degree of expectation placed on individual residents. Each demonstrates different strategies for balancing the multiple supervisory roles and patient care obligations faced by academic surgeons. We also identified strategies that could be used across approaches to enhance learning.

Conclusions

For surgical educators seeking to improve upon the quality of the intraoperative supervision they provide, frameworks such as this may serve as models of effective supervision. Enhancing surgeons’ knowledge of proven strategies, combined with reflecting on how they teach and how they balance responsibilities to patients and trainees, may allow them to broaden their educational practice.

Key words

Supervision

Intraoperative teaching

Exacting

Fostering

Empowering

COMPETENCIES

Professionalism

Interpersonal and Communication Skills

Practice-Based Learning and Improvement

© 2022 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc. on behalf of Association of Program Directors in Surgery.

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