Economic impact of predominant ticks and tick-borne diseases on Indian dairy production systems

India is blessed with the world largest population of 192.52 million cattle and 109.85 million buffaloes (BAHS, 2019). Amongst the 106 tick species reported from India, Rhipicephalus microplus and Hyalomma anatolicum are the most widely distributed species (Ghosh and Azhahianambi, 2007) and responsible for causing major economic impact in cattle production system through reduction of productivity and profitability to livestock industry (Ghosh and Nagar, 2014). Worldwide, TTBDs are causing an estimated loss of US$22–30 billion/annum (Lew- Tabor and Valle, 2016), whereas, 32.4 million US$ loss/anuum due to R. microplus alone has been estimated in Brazil (Grisi et al., 2014), 3.0 million in USA (Graham and Hourrigan,1977), 573.16 million in Mexico and 168.0 million in Colombia (Rodríguez-Vivas et al., 2017), 250.0 million in Australia (Meat and Livestock Australia report 2020), 364.0 million in Tanzania (Kivaria, 2006), 6.7 million in Puerto Rico and 5.0 million in Zambia (Senbill et al., 2018). The estimated annual control cost of TTBDs in India is reported to be 498.7 million USD (Minjauw and McLeod, 2003). The chemical acaricides are extensively used for the management of TTBDs in tropical and subtropical countries as a short term measure. However, continuous use of acaricides has led to the development of acaricide resistant tick populations throughout India (Sharma et al., 2012; Kumar R. et al., 2020; Bisht et al., 2021; Fular et al., 2021; Kumar et al., 2020; Shakya et al., 2022), toxic residues in livestock products and environmental pollution (Vudriko et al., 2016; Choudhary et al., 2018). Although, in India TTBDs are impacting significantly on production system, the economic impact of TTBDs on dairy industry has not been suitably analyzed to develop suitable strategies for TTBDs management. The current situation in India demands a comprehensive study on assessment of effectiveness of the region-wise tick management strategies. As per FAO (2004) approximately 80% of the global cattle populations are at the risk of tick infestations but prevalence in Indian cattle population needs to be determined for formulation and implementation of effective tick control strategies. Keeping this in view, the present study was conducted to estimate the economic losses caused by TTBDs in dairy production systems based on systematic review of published literature along with data generated in the laboratory.

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