Teede HJ, Misso ML, Costello MF, Dokras A, Laven J, Moran L, et al. Recommendations from the international evidence-based guideline for the assessment and management of polycystic ovary syndrome. Fertil Steril. 2018;110:364–79. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fertnstert.2018.05.004.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Costello MF, Misso ML, Balen A, Boyle J, Devoto L, Garad RM, et al. Evidence summaries and recommendations from the international evidence-based guideline for the assessment and management of polycystic ovary syndrome: assessment and treatment of infertility. Hum Reprod Open. 2019:y21. https://doi.org/10.1093/hropen/hoy021.

Moran LJ, Tassone EC, Boyle J, Brennan L, Harrison CL, Hirschberg AL, et al. Evidence summaries and recommendations from the international evidence-based guideline for the assessment and management of polycystic ovary syndrome: lifestyle management. Obes Rev. 2020;21:e13046. https://doi.org/10.1111/obr.13046.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Dan S, Jinbiao H, Yitong C, et al. Reproductive health in first-degree relatives of patients with polycystic ovary syndrome: a review and Meta-analysis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2022;107:273–95. https://doi.org/10.1210/clinem/dgab640.

Article  Google Scholar 

Al Wattar Bassel H, Maria F, Laura B, et al. Clinical practice guidelines on the diagnosis and Management of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: a systematic review and quality assessment study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2021;106:2436–46. https://doi.org/10.1210/clinem/dgab232.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Okoth K, Chandan JS, Marshall T, Thangaratinam S, Thomas GN, Nirantharakumar K. Association between the reproductive health of young women and cardiovascularb disease in later life: umbrella review. 2020, BMJ;371:m3502. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.m3502.

Webber LJ, Stubbs S, Stark J, Trew GH, Margara R, Hardy K. Formation and early development of follicles in the polycystic ovary. Lancet. 2003;362:1017–21. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(03)14410-8.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Teede H, Misso M, Tassone EC, Dewailly D, Ng EH, Azziz R. Anti-Müllerian hormone in PCOS: a review informing international guidelines. Trends Endocrinol Metab. 2019;30:467–78. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tem.2019.04.006.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Silva M, Giacobini P. New insights into anti-Müllerian hormone role in the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis and neuroendocrine development. Cell Mol Life Sci. 2021;78:1–16. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00018-020-03576-x.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Moolhuijsen L, Visser JA. Anti-Müllerian hormone and ovarian reserve: update on assessing ovarian function. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2020;105:3361–73. https://doi.org/10.1210/clinem/dgaa513.

Article  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Tata B, Mimouni N, Barbotin AL, Malone SA, Loyens A, Pigny P, et al. Elevated prenatal anti-Müllerian hormone reprograms the fetus and induces polycystic ovary syndrome in adulthood. Nat Med. 2018;24:834–46. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41591-018-0035-5.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Xu J, Bishop CV, Lawson MS, Park BS, Xu F. Anti-Müllerian hormone promotes pre-antral follicle growth, but inhibits antral follicle maturation and dominant follicle selection in primates. Hum Reprod. 2016;31:1522–30. https://doi.org/10.1093/humrep/dew100.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Homburg R, Ray A, Bhide P, Gudi A, Shah A, Timms P, et al. The relationship of serum anti-Mullerian hormone with polycystic ovarian morphology and polycystic ovary syndrome: a prospective cohort study. Hum Reprod. 2013;28:1077–83. https://doi.org/10.1093/humrep/det015.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Kostrzewa M, Głowacka E, Stetkiewicz T, Grzesiak M, Szyłło K, Stachowiak G, et al. Is serum anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) assay a satisfactory measure for ovarian reserve estimation? A comparison of serum and peritoneal fluid AMH levels. Adv Clin Exp Med. 2020;29:853–6. https://doi.org/10.17219/acem/121010.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Dumont A, Robin G, Dewailly D. Anti-müllerian hormone in the pathophysiology and diagnosis of polycystic ovarian syndrome. Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes. 2018;25:377–84. https://doi.org/10.1097/MED.0000000000000445.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Cook CL, Siow Y, Brenner AG, Fallat ME. Relationship between serum müllerian-inhibiting substance and other reproductive hormones in untreated women with polycystic ovary syndrome and normal women. Fertil Steril. 2020;77:141–6. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0015-0282(01)02944-2.

Article  Google Scholar 

Dilaver N, Pellatt L, Jameson E, Ogunjimi M, Bano G, Homburg R, et al. The regulation and signalling of anti-Müllerian hormone in human granulosa cells: relevance to polycystic ovary syndrome. Hum Reprod. 2019;34:2467–79. https://doi.org/10.1093/humrep/dez214.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Rosenfield RL, Ehrmann DA. The pathogenesis of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS): the hypothesis of PCOS as functional ovarian Hyperandrogenism revisited. Endocr Rev. 2016;37(5):467–520. https://doi.org/10.1210/er.2015-1104.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Lv PP, Jin M, Rao JP, Chen J, Wang LQ, Huang CC, et al. Role of anti-Müllerian hormone and testosterone in follicular growth: a cross-sectional study. BMC Endocr Disord. 2020;20:101. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12902-020-00569-6.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Hsu SY. Cloning of two novel mammalian paralogs of relaxin/insulin family proteins and their expression in testis and kidney. Mol Endocrinol. 1999;13:2163–74. https://doi.org/10.1210/mend.13.12.0388.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Conklin D, Lofton-Day CE, Haldeman BA, Ching A, Whitmore TE, Lok S, et al. Identification of INSL5, a new member of the insulin superfamily. Genomics. 1999;60:50–6. https://doi.org/10.1006/geno.1999.5899.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Dun SL, Brailoiu E, Wang Y, Brailoiu GC, Liu-Chen LY, Yang J, et al. Insulin-like peptide 5: expression in the mouse brain and mobilization of calcium. Endocrinology. 2006;147:3243–8. https://doi.org/10.1210/en.2006-0237.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Burnicka-Turek O, Mohamed BA, Shirneshan K, Thanasupawat T, Hombach-Klonisch S, Klonisch T, et al. INSL5-deficient mice display an alteration in glucose homeostasis and an impaired fertility. Endocrinology. 2012;153:4655–65. https://doi.org/10.1210/en.2012-1161.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Pelusi C, Fanelli F, Pariali M, Zanotti L, Gambineri A, Pasquali R. Parallel variations of insulin-like peptide 3 (INSL3) and antimüllerian hormone (AMH) in women with the polycystic ovary syndrome according to menstrual cycle pattern. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2013;98:E1575–82. https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2013-1107.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Spanel-Borowski K, Schäfer I, Zimmermann S, Engel W, Adham IM. Increase in final stages of follicular atresia and premature decay of corpora lutea in Insl3-deficient mice. Mol Reprod Dev. 2001;58:281–6. https://doi.org/10.1002/1098-2795(200103)58:3<281::AID-MRD6>3.0.CO;2-0.

Irving-Rodgers HF, Bathgate RA, Ivell R, Domagalski R, Rodgers RJ. Dynamic changes in the expression of relaxin-like factor (INSL3), cholesterol side-chain cleavage cytochrome p450, and 3beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase in bovine ovarian follicles during growth and atresia. Biol Reprod. 2002;66:934–43. https://doi.org/10.1095/biolreprod66.4.934.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Satchell L, Glister C, Bleach EC, Glencross RG, Bicknell AB, Dai Y, et al. Ovarian expression of insulin-like peptide 3 (INSL3) and its receptor (RXFP2) during development of bovine antral follicles and corpora lutea and measurement of circulating INSL3 levels during synchronized estrous cycles. Endocrinology. 2013;154:1897–906. https://doi.org/10.1210/en.2012-2232.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Bicer M, Alan M, Alarslan P, Guler A, Kocabas GU, Imamoglu C, et al. Circulating insulin-like peptide 5 levels and its association with metabolic and hormonal parameters in women with polycystic ovary syndrome. J Endocrinol Investig. 2019;42:303–12. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40618-018-0917-x.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Yeganeh IS, Taromchi AH, Fathabadi FF, Nejatbakhsh R, Novin MG, Shokri S. Expression and localization of relaxin family peptide receptor 4 in human spermatozoa and impact of insulin-like peptide 5 on sperm functions. Reprod Biol. 2017;17:327–32. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.repbio.2017.09.004.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Neven A, Laven J, Teede HJ, Boyle JA. A summary on polycystic ovary syndrome: diagnostic criteria, prevalence, clinical manifestations, and management according to the latest international guidelines. Semin Reprod Med. 2018;36:5–12. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1668085.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Palomba S, de Wilde MA, Falbo A, Koster MP, La Sala GB, Fauser BC. Pregnancy complications in women with polycystic ovary syndrome. Hum Reprod Update. 2015;21(5):575–92. https://doi.org/10.1093/humupd/dmv029.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Palomba S. Is fertility reduced in ovulatory women with polycystic ovary syndrome? An opinion paper. Hum Reprod. 2021;36(9):2421–8. https://doi.org/10.1093/humrep/deab181.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Palomba S, Daolio J, La Sala GB. Oocyte competence in women with polycystic ovary syndrome. Trends Endocrinol Metab. 2017;28(3):186–98. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tem.2016.11.008.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Rudnicka E, Kunicki M, Calik-Ksepka A, Suchta K, Duszewska A, Smolarczyk K, et al. Anti-Müllerian hormone in pathogenesis, diagnostic and treatment of PCOS. Int J Mol Sci. 2021:22. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms222212507.

Kay RG, Galvin S, Larraufie P, Reimann F, Gribble FM. Liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry based detection and semi-quantitative analysis of INSL5 in human and murine tissues. Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom. 2017;31:1963–73. https://doi.org/10.1002/rcm.7978.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Gambineri A, Patton L, De Iasio R, Palladoro F, Pagotto U, Pasquali R. Insulin-like factor 3: a new circulating hormone related to luteinizing hormone-dependent ovarian hyperandrogenism in the polycystic ovary syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2007;92:2066–73. https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2006-1678.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Vendola K, Zhou J, Wang J, Famuyiwa OA, Bievre M, Bondy CA. Androgens promote oocyte insulin-like growth factor I expression and initiation of follicle development in the primate ovary. Biol Reprod. 1999;61:353–7. https://doi.org/10.1095/biolreprod61.2.353.

Article