Division of Biostatistics and Epidemiology and the Division of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital, the Department of Pediatrics and the Center for Addiction Research, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, the Division of General and Community Pediatrics and the Perinatal Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, and the College of Nursing, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio; the Department of Pediatrics and the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of California, Davis, Davis, California; the School of Social Work, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, Illinois; and the Friends Research Institute, Baltimore, Maryland.

Corresponding author: Nichole Nidey, Division of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Cincinnati Children's Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH; email: [email protected].

Dr. Kair's effort was supported by a Building Interdisciplinary Research Careers in Women's Health award (K12HD051958) awarded to PI: Nancy Lane, MD funded by the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), Office of Research on Women's Health, Office of Dietary Supplements, and the National Institute of Aging. This work was also supported by the Center for Advancing Translational Sciences and the National Institutes of Health, through Grant Number UL1 TR001860. The contents of this publication are solely the responsibility of the authors and do not represent the official views of the National Institutes of Health.

Financial Disclosure Melissa Chen reports receiving funding from Mayne Pharma. Scott Wexelblatt disclosed receiving funding from Abbot Nutrition. The other authors did not report any potential conflicts of interest.

Presented at the NIH Building Interdisciplinary Research Careers in Women’s Health (BIRCwH) Conference, held virtually, December 13, 2021; the Pediatric Academic Societies Annual Meeting, April 21–25, 2022, Denver, Colorado; the Society of Epidemiologic Research Annual Meeting, June 14–17, 2022, Chicago, IL; and the Academy of Breastfeeding Medicine Annual Meeting, September 15–18, 2022, Baltimore, Maryland.

The authors thank the PRAMS Working Group and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention for assembling and proving the PRAMS data set for this study.

Each author has confirmed compliance with the journal's requirements for authorship.

Peer reviews are available at https://links.lww.com/AOG/C863.