HydraCnidaria/HydrozoaHydraNonpermanent attachment21 (glyco)proteins, chitin-binding protein domain, glycans, glycan-related enzymes identified in adhesive footprints61–6361. M. Rodrigues, T. Ostermann, L. Kremeser, H. Lindner, C. Beisel, E. Berezikov, B. Hobmayer, and P. Ladurner, Biofouling 32, 1115 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1080/08927014.2016.123332562. S. Siebert, J. A. Farrell, J. F. Cazet, Y. Abeykoon, A. S. Primack, C. E. Schnitzler, and C. E. Juliano, Science 365, eaav9314 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aav931463. M. Rodrigues, P. Leclèire, P. Flammang, M. W. Hess, W. Salvenmoser, B. Hobmayer, and P. Ladurner, BMC Zool. 1, 3 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40850-016-0005-7FlatwormPlatyhelminthesMacrostomum lignanoNonpermanent attachment, sliding2 large proteins with high Cys content, extended repetitive regions, carbohydrate-binding, and protein-crosslinking domains6464. J. Wunderer et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 116, 4297 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1814230116Sandcastle wormAnellidae/PolychaetaPhragmatopoma californica, Sabellaria Caudata, Phragmatopoma caudataBuilding of tubular dwelling using sand grains6 types of cationic and anionic proteins showing Tyr-DOPA modification and phosphorylation; sulfated polysaccharides; and divalent cations, producing complex coacervates65–6765. C. S. Wang and R. J. Stewart, Biomacromolecules 14, 1607 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1021/bm400251k66. C. Sun, G. E. Fantner, J. Adams, P. K. Hansma, and J. H. Waite, J. Exp. Biol. 210, 1481 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1242/jeb.0275967. R. J. Stewart, C. S. Wang, I. T. Song, and J. P. Jones, Adv. Colloid Interface Sci. 239, 88 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cis.2016.06.008OysterMollusca/BivalviaCrassostrea virginicaPermanent surface attachmentProteins, polysaccharides, lipids, high mineral content (CaCO3, SiO2), and phosphorylated cross-linked proteins68–7068. J. R. Burkett, L. M. Hight, P. Kenny, and J. J. Wilker, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 132, 12531 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1021/ja104996y69. E. M. Alberts, S. D. Taylor, S. L. Edwards, D. M. Sherman, C. -P. Huang, P. Kenny, and J. J. Wilker, ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 7, 8533 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.5b0028770. R. A. Metzler, Adv. Funct. Mater. 26, 6814 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.201602348ScallopMollusca/BivalviaClamys farreriNonpermanent attachment through byssus7 scallop proteins identified in the byssus, of which only three homolog to MAPs; phosphorylation, hydroxylation (possibly Tyr-DOPA), and Cys-based protein cross-linker7171. Y. Miao et al., Mar. Biotechnol. 17, 523 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10126-015-9635-y and 7272. X. Zhang, Front. Physiol. 9, 597 (2018). https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2018.00597Land snails and slugsMollusca/GasteropodaArion subfuscus, Helix aspersaNonpermanent attachment, locomotion, defenceCationic proteins and multivalent cations interacting with anionic polysaccharides in a highly hydrated mucus7373. J. M. Pawlicki, L. B. Pease, C. M. Pierce, T. P. Startz, Y. Zhang, and A. M. Smith, J. Exp. Biol. 207, 1127 (2004). https://doi.org/10.1242/jeb.00859 and 7474. T.-M. Fung, C. G. Lazo, and A. M. Smith, Philos. Trans. R. Soc. B 374, 20190201 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2019.0201Sea snail, limpetsMollusca/GasteropodaLottia limatula, irrorataNonpermanent attachment, locomotion, protectionProteins interacting with anionic polysaccharides in a highly hydrated mucus7575. M. S. Davies and S. J. Hawkins, in Advances in Marine Biology, edited by J. Blaxter, A. J. Southward, and P. A. Tyler (Academic, New York, 1998), pp. 1–71. and 7676. A. M. Smith, T. J. Quick, and R. L. S. Peter, Biol. Bull. 196, 34 (1999). https://doi.org/10.2307/1543164BarnaclesArthropoda/CrustaceaMegabalanus rosa, Balanus albicostatus, Balanus improvisusBuilding of conical dwellingA glycoprotein and cationic proteins secreted during larval adhesion; lipids and phosphorylated proteins produced to consolidate the adhesion; several other proteins secreted by adult barnacles, producing functional amyloid fibrils77–8077. C. Dreanno, R. R. Kirby, and A. S. Clare, J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 351, 276 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jembe.2007.07.00378. K. Matsumurad, M. Nagano, Y. Kato-Yoshinaga, M. Yamazaki, A. S. Clare, and N. Fusetani, Proc. R. Soc. London, Ser. B 265, 1825 (1999). https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.1998.050879. N. V. Gohad, N. Aldred, B. Orihuela, A. S. Clare, D. Rittschof, and A. S. Mount, J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 416-417, 153 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jembe.2012.02.01380. M. Nakano and K. Kamino, Biochemistry 54, 826 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1021/bi500965fStarfishEchinodermata/AsteroideaAsterias rubensNonpermanent attachment, locomotion, food capture, burrowingSea-star footprint protein 1 showing glycan- and metal-binding domains, high Cys content; proteoglycans; glycoproteins; several other proteins with putative adhesive functions81–8381. E. Hennebert, B. Leroy, R. Wattiez, and P. Ladurner, J. Proteomics 128, 83 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jprot.2015.07.00282. E. Hennebert, R. Wattiez, M. Demeuldre, P. Ladurner, D. S. Hwang, J. H. Waite, and P. Flammang, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 111, 6317 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.140008911183. E. Hennebert, R. Wattiez, and P. Flammang, Mar. Biotechnol. 13, 484 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10126-010-9319-6Sea urchinEchinodermata/EchinoideaParacentrotus lividusNonpermanent attachment, locomotion, food capture, burrowingAbundance of nectin protein showing phosphorylation, glycosilation, calcium-mediated adhesion, and 6 discoidinlike domains with glycan-binding ability; several other proteins with putative adhesive functions84–8684. R. Santos, G. da Costa, C. Franco, P. Gomes-Alves, P. Flammang, and A. V. Coelho, Mar. Biotechnol. 11, 686 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10126-009-9182-585. N. Lebesgue, J. Proteomics 138, 61 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jprot.2016.02.02686. R. Pjeta, Int. J. Mol. Sci. 21, 946 (2020). https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21030946Sea cucumberEchinodermata/HoloturoideaHoloturia forksali/dofleiniiSelf-defence by ejection of sticky tubulesProtein-carbohydrate mucous mixture8787. S. Demoor, W. J. Herbert, M. Jangoux, and P. Flammang, Mar. Biotechnol. 5, 45 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10126-002-0049-2 and 8888. Y. Y. Peng, V. Glattauer, T. D. Skewes, A. McDevitt, C. M. Elvin, J. A. Werkmeister, L. D. Graham, and J. A. M. Ramshaw, Mar. Biotechnol. 16, 695 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10126-014-9586-8Sea squirtChordata/AscidiaceaCiona Intestinalis/RobustaPermanent attachmentAbundance of glycoproteins, possible regulatory function of DOPA proteins8989. F. Zeng, J. Wunderer, W. Salvenmoser, M. W. Hess, P. Ladurner, and U. Rothbächer, Dev. Biol. 448, 183 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ydbio.2018.11.012 and 9090. F. Zeng, J. Wunderer, W. Salvenmoser, T. Ederth, and U. Rothbächer, Philos. Trans. R. Soc. B 374, 20190197 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2019.0197Caddisflies larvaArthropoda/InsectaHesperophylaxBuilding of protective casingPhosphorylated fibroin protein creating β-domains and silklike fibrils9191. N. N. Ashton, Biomacromolecules 14, 3668 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1021/bm401036z