Available online 25 October 2022

As a fusion tag, ACP enhances soluble expression of target proteins.

ACP can be modified to allow passenger proteins to be covalently immobilized in controlled fashion.

Holo-ACP mediated co-immobilization of proteins allows the ratios of immobilized proteins to be controlled.

In Escherichia coli, acyl carrier protein (ACP) is posttranslationally converted into its active holo-ACP form via covalent linkage of 4’-phosphopantetheine (4’-PP) to residue serine-36. We found that the long flexible 4’-PP arm could react chemoselectively with the iodoacetyl group introduced on solid supports with high efficiency under mild conditions. Based on this finding, we developed site-selective immobilisation of proteins via the active holo-ACP fusion tag, independently of the physicochemical properties of the protein of interest. Furthermore, the molecular ratios of co-immobilised proteins can be manipulated because the tethering process is predominantly directed by the molar concentrations of diverse holo-ACP fusions during co-immobilisation. Conveniently tuning the molecular ratios of co-immobilised proteins allows their cooperation, leading to a highly productive multi-protein co-immobilisation system. Kinetic studies of enzymes demonstrated that α-amylase (Amy) and methyl parathion hydrolase (MPH) immobilised via active tag holo-ACP had higher catalytic efficiency (kcat/Km) in comparison with their corresponding counterparts immobilised via the sulfhydryl groups (-SH) of these proteins. The immobilised holo-ACP-Amy also presented higher thermostability compared with free Amy. The enhanced α-amylase thermostability upon immobilisation via holo-ACP renders it more suitable for industrial application.

maltose binding protein

N-utilisation substance A

tobacco etch virus protease

4’-phosphopantetheine transferase

isopropyl β-D-1-thiogalactopyranoside

5,5'-Dithiobis-(2-nitrobenzoic acid)

methyl parathion hydrolase

Acyl carrier protein

Fusion tag

Co-immobilisation

Ratio control

Site-selective covalent linkage

Enzymatic modification

© 2022 Published by Elsevier B.V.