Cook MB, McGlynn KA, Devesa SS, Freedman ND, Anderson WF. Sex disparities in cancer mortality and survival. Cancer Epidemiol Biomark Prev. 2011;20(8):1629–37.

Article  Google Scholar 

Wagner AD, Oertelt-Prigione S, Adjei A, Buclin T, Cristina V, Csajka C, Coukos G, Dafni U, Dotto GP, Ducreux M, et al. Gender medicine and oncology: report and consensus of an ESMO workshop. Ann Oncol. 2019;30(12):1914–24.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Özdemir BC, Csajka C, Dotto G-P, Wagner AD. Sex differences in efficacy and toxicity of systemic treatments: an undervalued issue in the era of precision oncology. J Clin Oncol. 2018;36(26):2680–3.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Van Anders SM, Schudson ZC, Abed EC, Beischel WJ, Dibble ER, Gunther OD, Kutchko VJ, Silver ER. Biological sex, gender, and public policy. Policy Insights Behav Brain Sci. 2017;4(2):194–201.

Article  Google Scholar 

Group SaGSRCtA. Wainer Z, Carcel C: Sex and gender in health research: updating policy to reflect evidence. Med J Aust. 2020;212(2):57-62.e1.

Article  Google Scholar 

Krieger N. Genders, sexes, and health: what are the connections–and why does it matter? Int J Epidemiol. 2003;32(4):652–7.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Springer KW, Mager Stellman J, Jordan-Young RM. Beyond a catalogue of differences: a theoretical frame and good practice guidelines for researching sex/gender in human health. Soc Sci Med. 2012;74(11):1817–24.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Rich-Edwards JW, Kaiser UB, Chen GL, Manson JE, Goldstein JM. Sex and gender differences research design for basic, clinical, and population studies: essentials for investigators. Endocr Rev. 2018;39(4):424–39.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Klein SL, Flanagan KL. Sex differences in immune responses. Nat Rev Immunol. 2016;16(10):626–38.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Mirandola L, Wade R, Verma R, Pena C, Hosiriluck N, Figueroa JA, Cobos E, Jenkins MR, Chiriva-Internati M. Sex-driven differences in immunological responses: challenges and opportunities for the immunotherapies of the third millennium. Int Rev Immunol. 2015;34(2):134–42.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Looker AC, Johnson CL, Lacher DA, Pfeiffer CM, Schleicher RL, Sempos CT. Vitamin D status: United States, 2001–2006. NCHS Data Brief. 2011;59:1–8.

Google Scholar 

Tolin DF, Foa EB. Sex differences in trauma and posttraumatic stress disorder: a quantitative review of 25 years of research. Psychol Bull. 2006;132(6):959–92.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Breiding MJ, Smith SG, Basile KC, Walters ML, Chen J, Merrick MT. Prevalence and characteristics of sexual violence, stalking, and intimate partner violence victimization—national intimate partner and sexual violence survey, United States, 2011. MMWR Surveill Summ. 2014;63(8):1–18.

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Becker JB, Arnold AP, Berkley KJ, Blaustein JD, Eckel LA, Hampson E, Herman JP, Marts S, Sadee W, Steiner M, et al. Strategies and methods for research on sex differences in brain and behavior. Endocrinology. 2005;146(4):1650–73.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Agabio R, Pisanu C, Gessa GL, Franconi F. Sex differences in alcohol use disorder. Curr Med Chem. 2017;24(24):2661–70.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Zhu Y, Shao X, Wang X, Liu L, Liang H. Sex disparities in cancer. Cancer Lett. 2019;466:35–8.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Sun D, Li H, Cao M, He S, Lei L, Peng J, Chen W. Cancer burden in China: trends, risk factors and prevention. Cancer Biol Med. 2020;17(4):879–95.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Clayton JA, Collins FS. Policy: NIH to balance sex in cell and animal studies. Nature. 2014;509(7500):282–3.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Gemmati D, Varani K, Bramanti B, Piva R, Bonaccorsi G, Trentini A, Manfrinato MC, Tisato V, Carè A, Bellini T. “Bridging the Gap” Everything that Could Have Been Avoided If We Had Applied Gender Medicine, Pharmacogenetics and Personalized Medicine in the Gender-Omics and Sex-Omics Era. Int J Mol Sci. 2019;21(1):296.

Article  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Oliva M, Munoz-Aguirre M, Kim-Hellmuth S, Wucher V, Gewirtz ADH, Cotter DJ, Parsana P, Kasela S, Balliu B, Vinuela A, et al. The impact of sex on gene expression across human tissues. Science. 2020;369(6509):eaba3066.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Lopes-Ramos CM, Chen CY, Kuijjer ML, Paulson JN, Sonawane AR, Fagny M, Platig J, Glass K, Quackenbush J, DeMeo DL. Sex differences in gene expression and regulatory networks across 29 human tissues. Cell Rep. 2020;31(12): 107795.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Kwon H, Schafer JM, Song N-J, Kaneko S, Li A, Xiao T, Ma A, Allen C, Das K, Zhou L, et al. Androgen conspires with the CD8 T cell exhaustion program and contributes to sex bias in cancer. Sci Immunol. 2022;7(73):eabq2630.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Clocchiatti A, Cora E, Zhang Y, Dotto GP. Sexual dimorphism in cancer. Nat Rev Cancer. 2016;16(5):330–9.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Wei SC, Duffy CR, Allison JP. Fundamental mechanisms of immune checkpoint blockade therapy. Cancer Discov. 2018;8(9):1069–86.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Conforti F, Pala L, Bagnardi V, De Pas T, Martinetti M, Viale G, Gelber RD, Goldhirsch A. Cancer immunotherapy efficacy and patients’ sex: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Oncol. 2018;19(6):737–46.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Conforti F, Pala L, Bagnardi V, Viale G, De Pas T, Pagan E, Pennacchioli E, Cocorocchio E, Ferrucci PF, De Marinis F, et al. Sex-based heterogeneity in response to lung cancer immunotherapy: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2019;111(8):772–81.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Wallis CJD, Butaney M, Satkunasivam R, Freedland SJ, Patel SP, Hamid O, Pal SK, Klaassen Z. Association of patient sex with efficacy of immune checkpoint inhibitors and overall survival in advanced cancers: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA Oncol. 2019;5(4):529–36.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Wu Y, Ju Q, Jia K, Yu J, Shi H, Wu H, Jiang M. Correlation between sex and efficacy of immune checkpoint inhibitors (PD-1 and CTLA-4 inhibitors). Int J Cancer. 2018;143(1):45–51.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Grassadonia A, Sperduti I, Vici P, Iezzi L, Brocco D, Gamucci T, Pizzuti L, Maugeri-Saccà M, Marchetti P, Cognetti G, et al. Effect of Gender on the Outcome of Patients Receiving Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors for Advanced Cancer: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Phase III Randomized Clinical Trials. J Clin Med. 2018;7(12):542.

Article  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Kruger S, Ilmer M, Kobold S, Cadilha BL, Endres S, Ormanns S, Schuebbe G, Renz BW, D’Haese JG, Schloesser H, et al. Advances in cancer immunotherapy 2019—latest trends. J Exp Clin Cancer Res. 2019;38(1):268.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Castro A, Pyke RM, Zhang X, Thompson WK, Day CP, Alexandrov LB, Zanetti M, Carter H. Strength of immune selection in tumors varies with sex and age. Nat Commun. 2020;11(1):4128.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Nosrati A, Tsai KK, Goldinger SM, Tumeh P, Grimes B, Loo K, Algazi AP, Nguyen-Kim TDL, Levesque M, Dummer R, et al. Evaluation of clinicopathological factors in PD-1 response: derivation and validation of a prediction scale for response to PD-1 monotherapy. Br J Cancer. 2017;116(9):1141–7.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Kugel CH 3rd, Douglass SM, Webster MR, Kaur A, Liu Q, Yin X, Weiss SA, Darvishian F, Al-Rohil RN, Ndoye A, et al. Age correlates with response to anti-PD1, reflecting age-related differences in intratumoral effector and regulatory T-cell populations. Clin Cancer Res. 2018;24(21):5347–56.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Ye Y, Jing Y, Li L, Mills GB, Diao L, Liu H, Han L. Sex-associated molecular differences for cancer immunotherapy. Nat Commun. 2020;11(1):1779.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Wang S, Cowley LA, Liu XS. Sex Differences in Cancer Immunotherapy Efficacy, Biomarkers, and Therapeutic Strategy. Molecules. 2019;24(18):3214.

Article  CAS  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Haupt S, Caramia F, Klein SL, Rubin JB, Haupt Y. Sex disparities matter in cancer development and therapy. Nat Rev Cancer. 2021;21(6):393–407.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Massimini M, Palmieri C, De Maria R, Romanucci M, Malatesta D, De Martinis M, Maniscalco L, Ciccarelli A, Ginaldi L, Buracco P, et al. 17-AAG and apoptosis, autophagy, and mitophagy in canine osteosarcoma cell lines. Vet Pathol. 2017;54(3):405–12.