Understanding Cancer Cachexia and Its Implications in Upper Gastrointestinal Cancers

Bray F, Ferlay J, Soerjomataram I, Siegel RL, Torre LA, Jemal A. Global cancer statistics 2018: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries. CA Cancer J Clin. 2018;68(6):394–424.

Article  Google Scholar 

Arnold M, Ferlay J, van Berge Henegouwen MI, Soerjomataram I. Global burden of oesophageal and gastric cancer by histology and subsite in 2018. Gut. 2020;69(9):1564–71.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Eyck BM, van Lanschot JJB, Hulshof MCCM, van der Wilk BJ, Shapiro J, van Hagen P, van Berge Henegouwen MI, Wijnhoven BPL, van Laarhoven HWM, Nieuwenhuijzen GAP, Hospers GAP, Bonenkamp JJ, Cuesta MA, Blaisse RJB, Busch OR, Creemers GJM, Punt CJA, Plukker JTM, Verheul HMW, et al. Ten-Year Outcome of Neoadjuvant Chemoradiotherapy Plus Surgery for Esophageal Cancer: The Randomized Controlled CROSS Trial. JCO. 2021;39(18):1995–2004.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Al-Batran SE, Homann N, Pauligk C, Goetze TO, Meiler J, Kasper S, et al. Perioperative chemotherapy with fluorouracil plus leucovorin, oxaliplatin, and docetaxel versus fluorouracil or capecitabine plus cisplatin and epirubicin for locally advanced, resectable gastric or gastro-oesophageal junction adenocarcinoma (FLOT4): a ra. Lancet. 2019;393(10184):1948–57.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Songun I, Putter H, Kranenbarg EMK, Sasako M, van de Velde CJ. Surgical treatment of gastric cancer: 15-year follow-up results of the randomised nationwide Dutch D1D2 trial. Lancet Oncol. 2010;11(5):439–49.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Siaw-Acheampong K, Kamarajah SK, Gujjuri R, Bundred JR, Singh P, Griffiths EA. Minimally invasive techniques for transthoracic oesophagectomy for oesophageal cancer: systematic review and network meta-analysis. BJS Open. 2020;4(5):787–803.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Degiuli M, Sasako M, Ponti A, Vendrame A, Tomatis M, Mazza C, et al. Randomized clinical trial comparing survival after D1 or D2 gastrectomy for gastric cancer. Br J Surg. 2013;101(2):23–31.

Article  Google Scholar 

Peters Y, Al-Kaabi A, Shaheen NJ, Chak A, Blum A, Souza RF, et al. Barrett oesophagus. Nat Rev Dis Primers. 2019;5(1):35.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Lipman G, Haidry R. Endoscopic management of Barrett’s and early oesophageal neoplasia. Frontline Gastroenterol. 2017;8(2):138–42.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Arnold M, Rutherford MJ, Bardot A, Ferlay J, Andersson TML, Myklebust TÅ, Tervonen H, Thursfield V, Ransom D, Shack L, Woods RR, Turner D, Leonfellner S, Ryan S, Saint-Jacques N, de P, McClure C, Ramanakumar AV, Stuart-Panko H, et al. Progress in cancer survival, mortality, and incidence in seven high-income countries 1995–2014 (ICBP SURVMARK-2): a population-based study. Lancet Oncol. 2019;20(11):1493–505.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Griffin SM, Jones R, Kamarajah SK, Navidi M, Wahed S, Immanuel A, Hayes N, Phillips AW. Evolution of esophagectomy for cancer over 30 years: changes in presentation, management and outcomes. Ann Surg Oncol. 2021;28(6):3011–22.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Griffin SM, Kamarajah SK, Navidi M, Wahed S, Immanuel A, Hayes N, Phillips AW. Evolution of gastrectomy for cancer over 30-years: changes in presentation, management, and outcomes. Surgery. 2021;170(1):2–10.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Fearon K, Strasser F, Anker SD, Bosaeus I, Bruera E, Fainsinger RL, Jatoi A, Loprinzi C, MacDonald N, Mantovani G, Davis M, Muscaritoli M, Ottery F, Radbruch L, Ravasco P, Walsh D, Wilcock A, Kaasa S, Baracos VE. Definition and classification of cancer cachexia: an international consensus. Lancet Oncol. 2011;12(5):489–95.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Baracos VE, Martin L, Korc M, Guttridge DC, Fearon KCH. Cancer-associated cachexia. Nat Rev Dis Primers. 2018;4(1):17105.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Dewys WD, Begg C, Lavin PT, Band PR, Bennett JM, Bertino JR, Cohen MH, Douglass HO Jr, Engstrom PF, Ezdinli EZ, Horton J, Johnson GJ, Moertel CG, Oken MM, Perlia C, Rosenbaum C, Silverstein MN, Skeel RT, Sponzo RW, Tormey DC. Prognostic effect of weight loss prior tochemotherapy in cancer patients. Am J Med. 1980;69(4):491–7.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Anker MS, Holcomb R, Muscaritoli M, Haehling S, Haverkamp W, Jatoi A, Morley JE, Strasser F, Landmesser U, Coats AJS, Anker SD. Orphan disease status of cancer cachexia in the USA and in the European Union: a systematic review. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle. 2019;10(1):22–34.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Sun L, Quan XQ, Yu S. An epidemiological survey of cachexia in advanced cancer patients and analysis on its diagnostic and treatment status. Nutr Cancer. 2015;67(7):1056–62.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Poisson J, Martinez-Tapia C, Heitz D, Geiss R, Albrand G, Falandry C, Gisselbrecht M, Couderc AL, Boulahssass R, Liuu E, Boudou-Rouquette P, Chah Wakilian A, Gaxatte C, Pamoukdjian F, Decker L, Antoine V, Cattenoz C, Solem-Laviec H, Guillem O, et al. Prevalence and prognostic impact of cachexia among older patients with cancer: a nationwide cross-sectional survey (NutriAgeCancer). J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle. 2021;12(6):1477–88.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Surveillance Research Program, National Cancer Institute. SEER*Explorer: An interactive website for SEER cancer statistics [Internet] [Internet]. [cited 2022 Jul 27]. Available from: https://seer.cancer.gov/statistics-network/explorer/.

Evans WJ, Morley JE, Argilés J, Bales C, Baracos V, Guttridge D, Jatoi A, Kalantar-Zadeh K, Lochs H, Mantovani G, Marks D, Mitch WE, Muscaritoli M, Najand A, Ponikowski P, Rossi Fanelli F, Schambelan M, Schols A, Schuster M, et al. Cachexia: A new definition. Clin Nutr. 2008;27(6):793–9.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

•• Cederholm T, Jensen GL, Correia MITD, Gonzalez MC, Fukushima R, Higashiguchi T, et al. GLIM criteria for the diagnosis of malnutrition – A consensus report from the global clinical nutrition community. J Cachexia, Sarcopenia Muscle. 2019;10(1):207–17. The GLIM criteria provides a contemporary consensus framework for the diagnosis and classification of malnutrition.

McMillan DC. Systemic inflammation, nutritional status and survival in patients with cancer. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care. 2009;12(3):223–6.

Landskron G, De la Fuente M, Thuwajit P, Thuwajit C, Hermoso MA. Chronic Inflammation and cytokines in the tumor microenvironment. J Immunol Res. 2014;2014:1–19.

Article  Google Scholar 

Carson JA, Baltgalvis KA. Interleukin 6 as a key regulator of muscle mass during cachexia. Exerc Sport Sci Rev. 2010;38(4):168–76.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Wu J, Huang C, Xiao H, Tang Q, Cai W. Weight loss and resting energy expenditure in male patients with newly diagnosed esophageal cancer. Nutrition. 2013;29(11–12):1310–4.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Krzystek-Korpacka M, Matusiewicz M, Diakowska D, Grabowski K, Blachut K, Kustrzeba-Wojcicka I, Banas T. Impact of weight loss on circulating IL-1, IL-6, IL-8, TNF-α, VEGF-A, VEGF–C and midkine in gastroesophageal cancer patients. Clin Biochem. 2007;40(18):1353–60.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Paval DR, Patton R, McDonald J, Skipworth RJE, Gallagher IJ, Laird BJ, the Caledonian Cachexia Collaborative. A systematic review examining the relationship between cytokines and cachexia in incurable cancer. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle. 2022;13(2):824–38.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Hou YC, Wang CJ, Chao YJ, Chen HY, Wang HC, Tung HL, Lin JT, Shan YS. Elevated serum interleukin-8 level correlates with cancer-related cachexia and sarcopenia: an indicator for pancreatic cancer outcomes. JCM. 2018;7(12):502.

Article  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Moses AGW, Maingay J, Sangster K, Fearon KCH, Ross JA. Pro-inflammatory cytokine release by peripheral blood mononuclear cells from patients with advanced pancreatic cancer: relationship to acute phase response and survival. Oncol Rep. 2009;21(4):1091–5.

CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Salgado R, Junius S, Benoy I, Van Dam P, Vermeulen P, Van Marck E, et al. Circulating interleukin-6 predicts survival in patients with metastatic breast cancer. Int J Cancer. 2003;103(5):642–6.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Duffy SA, Taylor JMG, Terrell JE, Islam M, Li Y, Fowler KE, Wolf GT, Teknos TN. Interleukin-6 predicts recurrence and survival among head and neck cancer patients. Cancer. 2008;113(4):750–7.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Tisdale MJ. Catabolic mediators of cancer cachexia. Curr Opin Supportive Palliat Care. 2008;2(4):256–61.

Article  Google Scholar 

Loumaye A, de Barsy M, Nachit M, Lause P, Frateur L, van Maanen A, Trefois P, Gruson D, Thissen JP. Role of Activin A and myostatin in human cancer cachexia. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2015;100(5):2030–8.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Elkina Y, von Haehling S, Anker SD, Springer J. The role of myostatin in muscle wasting: an overview. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle. 2011;2(3):143–51.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Aversa Z, Bonetto A, Penna F, Costelli P, Di Rienzo G, Lacitignola A, et al. Changes in myostatin signaling in non-weight-losing cancer patients. Ann Surg Oncol. 2012;19(4):1350–6.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Tsai VWW, Brown DA, Breit SN. Targeting the divergent TGFβ superfamily cytokine MIC-1/GDF15 for therapy of anorexia/cachexia syndromes. Curr Opin Support Palliat Care. 2018;12(4):404–9.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Skipworth RJE, Deans DAC, Tan BHL, Sangster K, Paterson-Brown S, Brown DA, Hunter M, Breit SN, Ross JA, Fearon KCH. Plasma MIC-1 correlates with systemic inflammation but is not an independent determinant of nutritional status or survival in oesophago-gastric cancer. Br J Cancer. 2010;102(4):665–72.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Skipworth RJE, Moses AGW, Sangster K, Sturgeon CM, Voss AC, Fallon MT, Anderson RA, Ross JA, Fearon KCH. Interaction of gonadal status with systemic inflammation and opioid use in determining nutritional status and prognosis in advanced pancreatic cancer. Support Care Cancer. 2011;19(3):391–401.

Article  PubMed 

留言 (0)

沒有登入
gif