NCD Risk Factor Collaboration (NCD-RisC) (2016) Worldwide trends in diabetes since 1980: a pooled analysis of 751 population-based studies with 44 million participants. Lancet 387(10027):1513–1530. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(16)00618-8

Article  Google Scholar 

International Diabetes Federation (2019). IDF Diabetes Atlas, 9th edn. Brussels, Belgium. https://diabetesatlas.org/atlas/ninth-edition/. Accessed 2019

Zheng Y, Ley SH, Hu FB (2018) Global aetiology and epidemiology of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its complications. Nat Rev Endocrinol 14(2):88–98. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrendo.2017.151

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Li M, Xu Y, Wan Q, Shen F, Xu M, Zhao Z, Lu J, Gao Z, Chen G, Wang T, Xu Y, Zhao J, Chen L, Shi L, Hu R, Ye Z, Tang X, Su Q, Qin G, Wang G, Luo Z, Qin Y, Huo Y, Li Q, Zhang Y, Chen Y, Liu C, Mu Y, Wang Y, Wu S, Yang T, Chen L, Yu X, Yan L, Deng H, Ning G, Bi Y, Wang W (2020) Individual and combined associations of modifiable lifestyle and metabolic health status with new-onset diabetes and major cardiovascular events: the China cardiometabolic disease and cancer cohort (4C) study. Diabetes Care 43(8):1929–1936. https://doi.org/10.2337/dc20-0256

Wang X, Ouyang Y, Liu J, Zhu M, Zhao G, Bao W, Hu FB (2014) Fruit and vegetable consumption and mortality from all causes, cardiovascular disease, and cancer: systematic review and dose- response meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies. BMJ 349:g4490. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.g4490

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Liu W, Hu B, Dehghan M, Mente A, Wang C, Yan R, Rangarajan S, Tse LA, Yusuf S, Liu X, Wang Y, Qiang D, Hu L, Han A, Tang X, Liu L, Li W, PURE-China Investigators (2021) PURE-China Investigators Fruit, vegetable, and legume intake and the risk of all-cause, cardiovascular, and cancer mortality: a prospective study. Clin Nutr 40(6):4316–4323. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clnu.2021.01.016

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Zheng JS, Sharp SJ, Imamura F, Chowdhury R, Gundersen TE, Steur M, Sluijs I, van der Schouw YT, Agudo A, Aune D, Barricarte A, Boeing H, Chirlaque MD, Dorronsoro M, Freisling H, El-Fatouhi D, Franks PW, Fagherazzi G, Grioni S, Gunter MJ, Kyrø C, Katzke V, Kühn T, Khaw KT, Laouali N, Masala G, Nilsson PM, Overvad K, Panico S, Papier K, Quirós JR, Rolandsson O, Redondo-Sánchez D, Ricceri F, Schulze MB, Spijkerman AMW, Tjønneland A, Tong TYN, Tumino R, Weiderpass E, Danesh J, Butterworth AS, Riboli E, Forouhi NG, Wareham NJ (2020) Association of plasma biomarkers of fruit and vegetable intake with incident type 2 diabetes: EPIC-InterAct case-cohort study in eight European countries. BMJ 370:m2194. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.m2194

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Dietary Guidelines Advisory Committee (2020) Scientific Report of the 2020 Dietary Guidelines Advisory Committee: Advisory Report to the Secretary of Agriculture and the Secretary of Health and Human Services. Washington, DC U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service. https://doi.org/10.52570/DGAC2020.

Arnett DK, Blumenthal RS, Albert MA, Buroker AB, Goldberger ZD, Hahn EJ, Himmelfarb CD, Khera A, Lloyd-Jones D, McEvoy JW, Michos ED, Miedema MD, Muñoz D, Smith SC Jr, Virani SS, Williams KA Sr, Yeboah J, Ziaeian B (2019) 2019 ACC/AHA guideline on the primary prevention of cardiovascular disease: executive summary: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines. Circulation 140(11):e563–e595. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIR.0000000000000677

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Dietary Guidelines Revision Committee (2021) The Chinese dietary guidelines 2021. Chinese Nutrition Society. http://dg.cnsoc.org/article/2021b.html. Accessed May 2021

Carter P, Gray LJ, Troughton J, Khunti K, Davies MJ (2010) Fruit and vegetable intake and incidence of type 2 diabetes mellitus: systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ 341:c4229. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.c4229

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Villegas R, Shu XO, Gao YT, Yang G, Elasy T, Li H, Zheng W (2008) Vegetable but not fruit consumption reduces the risk of type 2 diabetes in Chinese women. J Nutr 138(3):574–580. https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/138.3.574

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Li M, Fan Y, Zhang X, Hou W, Tang Z (2014) Fruit and vegetable intake and risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus: meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies. BMJ Open 4(11):e005497. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2014-005497

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Du H, Li L, Bennett D, Guo Y, Turnbull I, Yang L, Bragg F, Bian Z, Chen Y, Chen J, Millwood IY, Sansome S, Ma L, Huang Y, Zhang N, Zheng X, Sun Q, Key TJ, Collins R, Peto R, Chen Z; China Kadoorie Biobank Study (2017) Fresh fruit consumption in relation to incident diabetes and diabetic vascular complications: a 7-y prospective study of 0.5 million Chinese adults. PLoS Med 14(4):e1002279. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1002279

Schwingshackl L, Hoffmann G, Lampousi AM, Knüppel S, Iqbal K, Schwedhelm C, Bechthold A, Schlesinger S, Boeing H (2017) Food groups and risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus: a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective studies. Eur J Epidemiol 32(5):363–375. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10654-017-0246-y

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Tabák AG, Herder C, Rathmann W, Brunner EJ, Kivimäki M (2012) Prediabetes: a high-risk state for diabetes development. Lancet 379(9833):2279–2290. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(12)60283-9

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Cao Y, Chen C, Cui L, Han A, Tu Q, Lou P, Ding G, Qin Y, Xiang Q (2020) A population-based survey for dietary patterns and prediabetes among 7555 Chinese adults in urban and rural areas in Jiangsu Province. Sci Rep 10(1):10488. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-67028-z

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Wang T, Lu J, Shi L, Chen G, Xu M, Xu Y, Su Q, Mu Y, Chen L, Hu R, Tang X, Yu X, Li M, Zhao Z, Chen Y, Yan L, Qin G, Wan Q, Dai M, Zhang D, Gao Z, Wang G, Shen F, Luo Z, Qin Y, Chen L, Huo Y, Li Q, Ye Z, Zhang Y, Liu C, Wang Y, Wu S, Yang T, Deng H, Zhao J, Lai S, Bi Y, DeFronzo RA, Wang W, Ning G; China Cardiometabolic Disease and Cancer Cohort Study Group (2020) Association of insulin resistance and β-cell dysfunction with incident diabetes among adults in China: a nationwide, population-based, prospective cohort study. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol 8(2):115-124. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2213-8587(19)30425-5

Bi Y, Jiang Y, He J, Xu Y, Wang L, Xu M, Zhang M, Li Y, Wang T, Dai M, Lu J, Li M, Chen CS, Lai S, Wang W, Wang L, Ning G (2010) China Noncommunicable Disease Surveillance Group (2015) Status of cardiovascular health in Chinese adults. J Am Coll Cardiol 65(10):1013–1025. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2014.12.044

Article  Google Scholar 

Jia X, Xuan L, Dai H, Zhu W, Deng C, Wang T, Li M, Zhao Z, Xu Y, Lu J, Bi Y, Wang W, Chen Y, Xu M, Ning G (2021) Fruit intake, genetic risk and type 2 diabetes: a population-based gene-diet interaction analysis. Eur J Nutr 60(5):2769–2779. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00394-020-02449-0

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Bazzano LA, Li TY, Joshipura KJ, Hu FB (2008) Intake of fruit, vegetables, and fruit juices and risk of diabetes in women. Diabetes Care 31(7):1311–1317. https://doi.org/10.2337/dc08-0080

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Ahmed A, Lager A, Fredlund P, Elinder LS (2020) Consumption of fruit and vegetables and the risk of type 2 diabetes: a 4-year longitudinal study among Swedish adults. J Nutr Sci 9:e14. https://doi.org/10.1017/jns.2020.7

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Mamluk L, O’Doherty MG, Orfanos P, Saitakis G, Woodside JV, Liao LM, Sinha R, Boffetta P, Trichopoulou A, Kee F (2017) Fruit and vegetable intake and risk of incident of type 2 diabetes: results from the consortium on health and ageing network of cohorts in Europe and the United States (CHANCES). Eur J Clin Nutr 71(1):83–91. https://doi.org/10.1038/ejcn.2016.143

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Safabakhsh M, Koohdani F, Bagheri F, Siassi F, Khajehnasiri F, Sotoudeh G (2018) Fruit and vegetable intake and pre-diabetes: a case-control study. Eur J Nutr 57(8):2953–2962. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00394-017-1569-x

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Zhou X, Chen R, Zhong C, Wu J, Li X, Li Q, Cui W, Yi N, Xiao M, Yin H, Xiong G, Han W, Hao L, Yang X, Yang N (2019) Fresh fruit intake in pregnancy and association with gestational diabetes mellitus: a prospective cohort study. Nutrition 60:129–135. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nut.2018.09.022

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Makki K, Deehan EC, Walter J, Bäckhed F (2018) The impact of dietary fiber on gut microbiota in host health and disease. Cell Host Microbe 23(6):705–715. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chom.2018.05.012

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Gil-Cardoso K, Ginés I, Pinent M, Ardévol A, Blay M, Terra X (2016) Effects of flavonoids on intestinal inflammation, barrier integrity and changes in gut microbiota during diet-induced obesity. Nutr Res Rev 29(2):234–248. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954422416000159

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Xi B, Li S, Liu Z, Tian H, Yin X, Huai P, Tang W, Zhou D, Steffen LM (2014) Intake of fruit juice and incidence of type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS ONE 9(3):e93471. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0093471

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Martín MÁ, Ramos S (2021) Impact of dietary flavanols on microbiota, immunity and inflammation in metabolic diseases. Nutrients 13(3):850. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13030850

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Tomás-Barberán FA, Selma MV, Espín JC (2016) Interactions of gut microbiota with dietary polyphenols and consequences to human health. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care 19(6):471–476. https://doi.org/10.1097/MCO.0000000000000314

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Laparra JM, Sanz Y (2010) Interactions of gut microbiota with functional food components and nutraceuticals. Pharmacol Res 61(3):219–225. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phrs.2009.11.001

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Jiang Z, Sun TY, He Y, Gou W, Zuo LS, Fu Y, Miao Z, Shuai M, Xu F, Xiao C, Liang Y, Wang J, Xu Y, Jing LP, Ling W, Zhou H, Chen YM, Zheng JS (2020) Dietary fruit and vegetable intake, gut microbiota, and type 2 diabetes: results from two large human cohort studies. BMC Med 18(1):371. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12916-020-01842-0

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Shankar S, Kumar D, Srivastava RK (2013) Epigenetic modifications by dietary phytochemicals: implications for personalized nutrition. Pharmacol Ther 138(1):1–17. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pharmthera.2012.11.002

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Huang T, Zheng Y, Qi Q, Xu M, Ley SH, Li Y, Kang JH, Wiggs J, Pasquale LR, Chan AT, Rimm EB, Hunter DJ, Manson JE, Willett WC, Hu FB, Qi L (2015) DNA methylation variants at HIF3A locus, B-vitamin intake, and long-term weight change: gene-diet interactions in two U.S. cohorts. Diabetes 64(9):3146–3154. https://doi.org/10.2337/db15-0264

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Qian X, Liu X, Mao Z, Abdulai T, Dong X, Tu R, Wang Y, Liu X, Luo Z, Qiao D, Wang C, Li Y (2020) Fruit and vegetable intake modifies the associations between suppressor of cytokine signaling 3 genetic variants and type 2 diabetes. Eur J Nutr 59(8):3441–3449. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00394-020-02178-4

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Curtis PJ, Sampson M, Potter J, Dhatariya K, Kroon PA, Cassidy A (2012) Chronic ingestion of flavan-3-ols and isoflavones improves insulin sensitivity and lipoprotein status and attenuates estimated 10-year CVD risk in medicated postmenopausal women with type 2 diabetes: a 1-year, double-blind, randomized, controlled trial. Diabetes Care 35(2):226–232. https://doi.org/10.2337/dc11-1443

Article