Donker M, van Tienhoven G, Straver ME, Meijnen P, van de Velde CJ, Mansel RE, Cataliotti L, Westenberg AH, Klinkenbijl JH, Orzalesi L, Bouma WH, van der Mijle HC, Nieuwenhuijzen GA, Veltkamp SC, Slaets L, Duez NJ, de Graaf PW, van Dalen T, Marinelli A, Rijna H, Rutgers EJ (2014) Radiotherapy or surgery of the axilla after a positive sentinel node in breast cancer (EORTC 10981–22023 AMAROS): a randomised, multicentre, open-label, phase 3 non-inferiority trial. Lancet Oncol 15(12):1303–1310. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1470-2045(14)70460-7

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Giuliano AE, Hunt KK, Ballman KV, Beitsch PD, Whitworth PW, Blumencranz PW, Leitch AM, Saha S, McCall LM, Morrow M (2011) Axillary dissection vs no axillary dissection in women with invasive breast cancer and sentinel node metastasis: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA 305(6):569–575. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2011.90

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Galimberti V, Cole BF, Zurrida S, Viale G, Luini A, Veronesi P, Baratella P, Chifu C, Sargenti M, Intra M, Gentilini O, Mastropasqua MG, Mazzarol G, Massarut S, Garbay JR, Zgajnar J, Galatius H, Recalcati A, Littlejohn D, Bamert M (2013) Axillary dissection versus no axillary dissection in patients with sentinel-node micrometastases (IBCSG 23–01): a phase 3 randomised controlled trial. Lancet Oncol 14(4):297–305. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1470-2045(13)70035-4

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

National Comprehensive Cancer Network: NCCN Clinical Prac- tice Guidelines in Oncology, Breast Cancer. Version 4.2020. www.nccn.org. [Accessed 18 August 2020].

Kuehn T, Bauerfeind I, Fehm T, Fleige B, Hausschild M, Helms G, Lebeau A, Liedtke C, von Minckwitz G, Nekljudova V, Schmatloch S, Schrenk P, Staebler A, Untch M (2013) Sentinel-lymph-node biopsy in patients with breast cancer before and after neoadjuvant chemotherapy (SENTINA): a prospective, multicentre cohort study. Lancet Oncol 14(7):609–618. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1470-2045(13)70166-9

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Geng C, Chen X, Pan X, Li J (2016) The feasibility and accuracy of sentinel lymph node biopsy in initially clinically node-negative breast cancer after neoadjuvant chemotherapy: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS ONE 11(9):e0162605. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0162605

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

King TA, Morrow M (2015) Surgical issues in patients with breast cancer receiving neoadjuvant chemotherapy. Nat Rev Clin Oncol 12(6):335–343. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrclinonc.2015.63

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Rubio IT (2016) Sentinel lymph node biopsy after neoadjuvant treatment in breast cancer: work in progress. European J Surg Oncol 42(3):326–332

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Boughey JC, Suman VJ, Mittendorf EA, Ahrendt GM, Wilke LG, Taback B, Leitch AM, Kuerer HM, Bowling M, Flippo-Morton TS, Byrd DR, Ollila DW, Julian TB, McLaughlin SA, McCall L, Symmans WF, Le-Petross HT, Haffty BG, Buchholz TA, Nelson H, Alliance for Clinical Trials in Oncology (2013) Sentinel lymph node surgery after neoadjuvant chemotherapy in patients with node-positive breast cancer: the ACOSOG Z1071 (Alliance) clinical trial. JAMA 310(14):1455–1461. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2013.278932

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Boileau JF, Poirier B, Basik M, Holloway CM, Gaboury L, Sideris L, Meterissian S, Arnaout A, Brackstone M, McCready DR, Karp SE, Trop I, Lisbona A, Wright FC, Younan RJ, Provencher L, Patocskai E, Omeroglu A, Robidoux A (2015) Sentinel node biopsy after neoadjuvant chemotherapy in biopsy-proven node-positive breast cancer: the SN FNAC study. J Clin Oncol 33(3):258–264. https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.2014.55.7827

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Donker M, Straver ME, Wesseling J, Loo CE, Schot M, Drukker CA, van Tinteren H, Sonke GS, Rutgers EJ, Vrancken Peeters MJ (2015) Marking axillary lymph nodes with radioactive iodine seeds for axillary staging after neoadjuvant systemic treatment in breast cancer patients: the MARI procedure. Ann Surg 261(2):378–382. https://doi.org/10.1097/SLA.0000000000000558

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Boughey JC, Ballman KV, Le-Petross HT, McCall LM, Mittendorf EA, Ahrendt GM, Wilke LG, Taback B, Feliberti EC, Hunt KK (2016) Identification and resection of clipped node decreases the false-negative rate of sentinel lymph node surgery in patients presenting with node-positive breast cancer (T0–T4, N1–N2) who receive neoadjuvant chemotherapy: results from ACOSOG Z1071 (Alliance). Ann Surg 263(4):802–807. https://doi.org/10.1097/SLA.0000000000001375

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Caudle AS, Yang WT, Krishnamurthy S, Mittendorf EA, Black DM, Gilcrease MZ, Bedrosian I, Hobbs BP, DeSnyder SM, Hwang RF, Adrada BE, Shaitelman SF, Chavez-MacGregor M, Smith BD, Candelaria RP, Babiera GV, Dogan BE, Santiago L, Hunt KK, Kuerer HM (2016) Improved axillary evaluation following neoadjuvant therapy for patients with node-positive breast cancer using selective evaluation of clipped nodes: implementation of targeted axillary dissection. J Clin Oncol 34(10):1072–1078. https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.2015.64.0094

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Natsiopoulos I, Intzes S, Liappis T, Zarampoukas K, Zarampoukas T, Zacharopoulou V, Papazisis K (2019) Axillary lymph node tattooing and targeted axillary dissection in breast cancer patients who presented as cN+ before neoadjuvant chemotherapy and became cN0 After treatment. Clin Breast Cancer 19(3):208–215. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clbc.2019.01.013

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

McCarter MD, Yeung H, Yeh S, Fey J, Borgen PI, Cody HS 3rd (2001) Localization of the sentinel node in breast cancer: identical results with same-day and day-before isotope injection. Ann Surg Oncol 8(8):682–686. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10434-001-0682-4

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Leong SP, Shen ZZ, Liu TJ, Agarwal G, Tajima T, Paik NS, Sandelin K, Derossis A, Cody H, Foulkes WD (2010) Is breast cancer the same disease in Asian and Western countries? World J Surg 34(10):2308–2324. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00268-010-0683-1

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Ahmed M, Purushotham AD, Douek M (2014) Novel techniques for sentinel lymph node biopsy in breast cancer: a systematic review. Lancet Oncol 15(8):e351–e362. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1470-2045(13)70590-4

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Zhang J, Wang T, Yan C, Huang M, Fan Z, Ling R (2020) clinical practice status of sentinel lymph node biopsy for early-stage breast cancer patients in china: a multicenter study. Clin Epidemiol 12:917–924. https://doi.org/10.2147/CLEP.S264349

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Kedrzycki MS, Leiloglou M, Ashrafian H, Jiwa N, Thiruchelvam P, Elson DS, Leff DR (2021) Meta-analysis comparing fluorescence imaging with radioisotope and blue dye-guided sentinel node identification for breast cancer surgery. Ann Surg Oncol 28(7):3738–3748. https://doi.org/10.1245/s10434-020-09288-7

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Park S, Park JM, Cho JH, Park HS, Kim SI, Park BW (2013) Sentinel lymph node biopsy after neoadjuvant chemotherapy in patients with cytologically proven node-positive breast cancer at diagnosis. Ann Surg Oncol 20(9):2858–2865. https://doi.org/10.1245/s10434-013-2992-8

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Yu Y, Cui N, Li HY, Wu YM, Xu L, Fang M, Sheng Y (2016) Sentinel lymph node biopsy after neoadjuvant chemotherapy for breast cancer: retrospective comparative evaluation of clinically axillary lymph node positive and negative patients, including those with axillary lymph node metastases confirmed by fine needle aspiration. BMC Cancer 16(1):808. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12885-016-2829-5

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Boughey, J. C., Suman, V. J., Mittendorf, E. A., Ahrendt, G. M., Wilke, L. G., Taback, B., Leitch, A. M., Flippo-Morton, T. S., Kuerer, H. M., Bowling, M., Hunt, K. K., & Alliance for Clinical Trials in Oncology (2015). Factors affecting sentinel lymph node identification rate after neoadjuvant chemotherapy for breast cancer patients enrolled in ACOSOG Z1071 (Alliance).

Jones JL, Zabicki K, Christian RL, Gadd MA, Hughes KS, Lesnikoski BA, Rhei E, Specht MC, Dominguez FJ, Smith BL (2005) A comparison of sentinel node biopsy before and after neoadjuvant chemotherapy: timing is important. Am J Surg 190(4):517–520. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amjsurg.2005.06.004

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Mamounas EP, Brown A, Anderson S, Smith R, Julian T, Miller B, Bear HD, Caldwell CB, Walker AP, Mikkelson WM, Stauffer JS, Robidoux A, Theoret H, Soran A, Fisher B, Wickerham DL, Wolmark N (2005) Sentinel node biopsy after neoadjuvant chemotherapy in breast cancer: results from national surgical adjuvant breast and bowel project protocol B-27. J Clin Oncol 23(12):2694–2702. https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.2005.05.188

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Boughey JC, Ballman KV, Hunt KK, McCall LM, Mittendorf EA, Ahrendt GM, Wilke LG, Le-Petross HT (2015) Axillary ultrasound after neoadjuvant chemotherapy and its impact on sentinel lymph node surgery: results from the American college of surgeons oncology group Z1071 Trial (Alliance). J Clin Oncol 33(30):3386–3393. https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.2014.57.8401

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Almerey T, Villacreses D, Li Z, Patel B, McDonough M, Gibson T, Maimone S, Gray R, McLaughlin SA (2019) Value of axillary ultrasound after negative axillary MRI for evaluating nodal status in high-risk breast cancer. J Am Coll Surg 228(5):792–797. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jamcollsurg.2019.01.022

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Krag DN, Anderson SJ, Julian TB, Brown AM, Harlow SP, Costantino JP, Ashikaga T, Weaver DL, Mamounas EP, Jalovec LM, Frazier TG, Noyes RD, Robidoux A, Scarth HM, Wolmark N (2010) Sentinel-lymph-node resection compared with conventional axillary-lymph-node dissection in clinically node-negative patients with breast cancer: overall survival findings from the NSABP B-32 randomised phase 3 trial. Lancet Oncol 11(10):927–933. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1470-2045(10)70207-2

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Banys-Paluchowski M, Gruber IV, Hartkopf A, Paluchowski P, Krawczyk N, Marx M, Brucker S, Hahn M (2020) Axillary ultrasound for prediction of response to neoadjuvant therapy in the context of surgical strategies to axillary dissection in primary breast cancer: a systematic review of the current literature. Arch Gynecol Obstet 301(2):341–353. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00404-019-05428-x

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Skarping I, Förnvik D, Zackrisson S, Borgquist S, Rydén L (2021) Predicting pathological axillary lymph node status with ultrasound following neoadjuvant therapy for breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res Treat 189(1):131–144. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10549-021-06283-8

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Maeshima Y, Sakai T, Ogiya A, Takahashi Y, Miyagi Y, Kokubu Y, Osako T, Ito Y, Takahashi S, Ohno S, Ueno T (2021) Assessment of axillary node status by ultrasound after neoadjuvant chemotherapy in patients with clinically node-positive breast cancer according to breast cancer subtype. Sci Rep 11(1):10858. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-89738-8

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Morency D, Dumitra S, Parvez E, Martel K, Basik M, Robidoux A, Poirier B, Holloway C, Gaboury L, Sideris L, Meterissian S, Boileau JF (2019) Axillary lymph node ultrasound following neoadjuvant chemotherapy in biopsy-proven node-positive breast cancer: results from the SN FNAC study. Ann Surg Oncol 26(13):4337–4345. https://doi.org/10.1245/s10434-019-07809-7

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

García-Novoa A, Acea-Nebril B, Díaz Carballada C, Bouzón Alejandro A, Conde C, Cereijo Garea C, Varela JR, Santiago Freijanes P, Antolín Novoa S, Calvo Martínez L, Díaz I, Rodríguez Martínez S, Mosquera Oses J (2021) Combining wire localization of clipped nodes with sentinel lymph node biopsy after neoadjuvant chemotherapy in node-positive breast cancer: preliminary results from a prospective study. Ann Surg Oncol 28(2):958–967.