From the aUrban Health Collaborative, Dornsife School of Public Health, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA

bDepartment of Health Management and Policy, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA

cDepartment of Public Health Policy & Management, New York University School of Global Public Health, New York, NY

dDepartment of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Dornsife School of Public Health, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA.

Submitted December 13, 2021; accepted July 27, 2022

U.B., P.M., and A.S.S.M. were supported by the Office of the Director of the National Institutes of Health under award number DP5OD26429. U.B. was supported by a Pilot Award from the Urban Health Collaborative, A.S.S.M. was supported by the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases under award number K01AI168579-01, and P.M. was supported by the Cotswold Postdoctoral Fellowship, award number 284134. The funding agencies had no involvement in the study design; in the data collection, analyses or interpretation of data; in the writing of this work; or in the decision to submit the manuscript for publication.

All code and data are available here: https://github.com/usamabilal/LE_Income_Inequalities_City

The authors report no conflicts of interest.

Supplemental digital content is available through direct URL citations in the HTML and PDF versions of this article (www.epidem.com).

Correspondence: Alina S. Schnake-Mahl, Urban Health Collaborative, Drexel Dornsife School of Public Health, 3600 Market St, Room 730, Philadelphia, PA 19104. E-mail: [email protected].