aSingapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science, Technology, and Research, Singapore
bUniversité de Paris, CRESS, Inserm, INRAE, Paris, France
cDepartment of Paediatrics
dDepartment of Obstetrics & Gynaecology and Human Potential Translational Research Programme, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine
eSaw Swee Hock School of Public Health
fDepartment of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore
gDepartment of Cardiology, National University Heart Centre
hKhoo Teck Puat-National University Children's Medical Institute, National University Health System, Singapore
iDepartments of Epidemiology and Biostatistics and of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
jDepartment of Pediatric Endocrinology
kCardiology Service
lDepartment of Maternal Fetal Medicine
mDepartment of Diagnostic and Interventional Imaging
nDepartment of Reproductive Medicine, KK Women's and Children's Hospital, Singapore
oMedical Research Council Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit and National Institute for Health Research Southampton Biomedical Research Centre, University of Southampton and University Hospital, Southampton National Health Service Foundation Trust, Southampton, United Kingdom
pDuke-National University of Singapore Medical School
qLee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
rDepartment of General Practice and Primary Healthcare, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital
sFolkhälsan Research Center, Helsinki, Finland
tUniversity of Queensland, St Lucia, Australia
uLiggins Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
vUniversity of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
Correspondence to Dr Navin Michael, 30 Medical Drive, Brenner Centre for Molecular Medicine, Singapore 117609. Tel: +65 6407 0680; e-mail: [email protected]
Abbreviations: AGA, appropriate for gestational age; BP, blood pressure; CI, confidence interval eGFRestimated glomerular filtration rate; FGD, foetal growth deceleration; GDM, gestational diabetes mellitus; GUSTO, Growing Up In Singapore Towards healthy Outcomes; GWG, gestational weight gain; HFPVR, high foetoplacental vascular resistance; INTERGROWTH-21, International Fetal and Newborn Growth Consortium for the 21st Century; IOM, Institute of Medicine; LGA, large for gestational age; ppBMI, pre-pregnancy bMI; RR, risk ratio; S/D, systolic to diastolic; SGA, small for gestational age; SNS, sympathetic nervous system
Received 2 March, 2022
Revised 19 April, 2022
Accepted 27 May, 2022
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