aSingapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science, Technology, and Research, Singapore

bUniversité de Paris, CRESS, Inserm, INRAE, Paris, France

cDepartment of Paediatrics

dDepartment of Obstetrics & Gynaecology and Human Potential Translational Research Programme, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine

eSaw Swee Hock School of Public Health

fDepartment of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore

gDepartment of Cardiology, National University Heart Centre

hKhoo Teck Puat-National University Children's Medical Institute, National University Health System, Singapore

iDepartments of Epidemiology and Biostatistics and of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Canada

jDepartment of Pediatric Endocrinology

kCardiology Service

lDepartment of Maternal Fetal Medicine

mDepartment of Diagnostic and Interventional Imaging

nDepartment of Reproductive Medicine, KK Women's and Children's Hospital, Singapore

oMedical Research Council Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit and National Institute for Health Research Southampton Biomedical Research Centre, University of Southampton and University Hospital, Southampton National Health Service Foundation Trust, Southampton, United Kingdom

pDuke-National University of Singapore Medical School

qLee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore

rDepartment of General Practice and Primary Healthcare, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital

sFolkhälsan Research Center, Helsinki, Finland

tUniversity of Queensland, St Lucia, Australia

uLiggins Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand

vUniversity of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia

Correspondence to Dr Navin Michael, 30 Medical Drive, Brenner Centre for Molecular Medicine, Singapore 117609. Tel: +65 6407 0680; e-mail: [email protected]

Abbreviations: AGA, appropriate for gestational age; BP, blood pressure; CI, confidence interval eGFRestimated glomerular filtration rate; FGD, foetal growth deceleration; GDM, gestational diabetes mellitus; GUSTO, Growing Up In Singapore Towards healthy Outcomes; GWG, gestational weight gain; HFPVR, high foetoplacental vascular resistance; INTERGROWTH-21, International Fetal and Newborn Growth Consortium for the 21st Century; IOM, Institute of Medicine; LGA, large for gestational age; ppBMI, pre-pregnancy bMI; RR, risk ratio; S/D, systolic to diastolic; SGA, small for gestational age; SNS, sympathetic nervous system

Received 2 March, 2022

Revised 19 April, 2022

Accepted 27 May, 2022

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