Sung H, Ferlay J, Siegel RL, Laversanne M, Soerjomataram I, Jemal A, et al. Global cancer statistics 2020: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 Countries. CA Cancer J Clin. 2021;71:209–49.

Article  Google Scholar 

Ferro A, Peleteiro B, Malvezzi M, Bosetti C, Bertuccio P, Levi F, et al. Worldwide trends in gastric cancer mortality (1980–2011), with predictions to 2015, and incidence by subtype. Eur J Cancer. 2014;50:1330–44.

Article  Google Scholar 

Bertuccio P, Chatenoud L, Levi F, Praud D, Ferlay J, Negri E, et al. Recent patterns in gastric cancer: a global overview. Int J Cancer. 2009;125:666–73.

CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

Uemura N, Okamoto S, Yamamoto S, Matsumura N, Yamaguchi S, Yamakido M, et al. Helicobacter pylori infection and the development of gastric cancer. N Engl J Med. 2001;345:784–9.

CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

. IARC working group on the evaluation of carcinogenic risks to humans: some industrial chemicals. Lyon, 15–22 February 1994. IARC Monogr Eval Carcinog Risks Hum. 1994;60:1–560.

Maekita T, Nakazawa K, Mihara M, Nakajima T, Yanaoka K, Iguchi M, et al. High levels of aberrant DNA methylation in Helicobacter pylori-infected gastric mucosae and its possible association with gastric cancer risk. Clin Cancer Res. 2006;12(989):995.

Google Scholar 

Kaneda A, Kaminishi M, Yanagihara K, Sugimura T, Ushijima T. Identification of silencing of nine genes in human gastric cancers. Cancer Res. 2002;62:6645–50.

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Chan AO, Lam SK, Wong BC, Wong WM, Yuen MF, Yeung YH, et al. Promoter methylation of E-cadherin gene in gastric mucosa associated with helicobacter pylori infection and in gastric cancer. Gut. 2003;52:502–6.

CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

Kang GH, Lee HJ, Hwang KS, Lee S, Kim JH, Kim JS. Aberrant CpG island hypermethylation of chronic gastritis, in relation to aging, gender, intestinal metaplasia, and chronic inflammation. Am J Pathol. 2003;163:1551–6.

CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

Asada K, Nakajima T, Shimazu T, Yamamichi N, Maekita T, Yokoi C, et al. Demonstration of the usefulness of epigenetic cancer risk prediction by a multicentre prospective cohort study. Gut. 2015;64:388–96.

CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

Maeda M, Nakajima T, Oda I, Shimazu T, Yamamichi N, Maekita T, et al. High impact of methylation accumulation on metachronous gastric cancer: 5-year follow-up of a multicentre prospective cohort study. Gut. 2017;66:1721–3.

Article  Google Scholar 

Matsusaka K, Kaneda A, Nagae G, Ushiku T, Kikuchi Y, Hino R, et al. Classification of Epstein-Barr virus-positive gastric cancers by definition of DNA methylation epigenotypes. Cancer Res. 2011;71:7187–97.

CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

Chong JM, Sakuma K, Sudo M, Ushiku T, Uozaki H, Shibahara J, et al. Global and non-random CpG-island methylation in gastric carcinoma associated with Epstein-Barr virus. Cancer Sci. 2003;94:76–80.

CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

Sakuma K, Chong JM, Sudo M, Ushiku T, Inoue Y, Shibahara J, et al. High-density methylation of p14ARF and p16INK4A in Epstein-Barr virus-associated gastric carcinoma. Int J Cancer. 2004;112:273–8.

CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

Ushiku T, Chong JM, Uozaki H, Hino R, Chang MS, Sudo M, et al. p73 gene promoter methylation in Epstein-Barr virus-associated gastric carcinoma. Int J Cancer. 2007;120:60–6.

CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

Chang MS, Uozaki H, Chong JM, Ushiku T, Sakuma K, Ishikawa S, et al. CpG island methylation status in gastric carcinoma with and without infection of Epstein-Barr virus. Clin Cancer Res. 2006;12:2995–3002.

CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

Kang GH, Lee S, Kim WH, Lee HW, Kim JC, Rhyu MG, et al. Epstein-barr virus-positive gastric carcinoma demonstrates frequent aberrant methylation of multiple genes and constitutes CpG island methylator phenotype-positive gastric carcinoma. Am J Pathol. 2002;160:787–94.

CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

Wang K, Yuen ST, Xu J, Lee SP, Yan HH, Shi ST, et al. Whole-genome sequencing and comprehensive molecular profiling identify new driver mutations in gastric cancer. Nat Genet. 2014;46:573–82.

CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

Cancer genome atlas research N. Comprehensive molecular characterization of gastric adenocarcinoma. Nature. 2014;513:202–9.

Article  Google Scholar 

Cancer genome atlas research N, Analysis working group: Asan U, Agency BCC, Brigham, Women’s H, Broad I, et al. Integrated genomic characterization of oesophageal carcinoma. Nature. 2017;541:169–75.

Article  Google Scholar 

Vial M, Grande L, Pera M. Epidemiology of adenocarcinoma of the esophagus, gastric cardia, and upper gastric third. Recent Results Cancer Res. 2010;182:1–17.

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Kusano C, Gotoda T, Khor CJ, Katai H, Kato H, Taniguchi H, et al. Changing trends in the proportion of adenocarcinoma of the esophagogastric junction in a large tertiary referral center in Japan. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2008;23:1662–5.

Article  Google Scholar 

Nicolas C, Sylvain M, Come L, Jean F, Anne-Marie B, Valerie J. Trends in gastric cancer incidence: a period and birth cohort analysis in a well-defined French population. Gastric Cancer. 2016;19:508–14.

Article  Google Scholar 

de Jonge PJ, van Blankenstein M, Grady WM, Kuipers EJ. Barrett’s oesophagus: epidemiology, cancer risk and implications for management. Gut. 2014;63:191–202.

Article  Google Scholar 

Rokkas T, Pistiolas D, Sechopoulos P, Robotis I, Margantinis G. Relationship between helicobacter pylori infection and esophageal neoplasia: a meta-analysis. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2007;5:1413–7.

Article  Google Scholar 

Urabe M, Ushiku T, Shinozaki-Ushiku A, Iwasaki A, Yamazawa S, Yamashita H, et al. Adenocarcinoma of the esophagogastric junction and its background mucosal pathology: a comparative analysis according to Siewert classification in a Japanese cohort. Cancer Med. 2018;7:5145–54.

CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

Chong IY, Cunningham D, Barber LJ, Campbell J, Chen L, Kozarewa I, et al. The genomic landscape of oesophagogastric junctional adenocarcinoma. J Pathol. 2013;231:301–10.

CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

Zhang CD, Takeshima H, Sekine S, Yamashita S, Liu YY, Hattori N, et al. Prediction of tissue origin of adenocarcinomas in the esophagogastric junction by DNA methylation. Gastric Cancer. 2021;25:336–46.

CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

Iwasaki Y, Chong JM, Hayashi Y, Ikeno R, Arai K, Kitamura M, et al. Establishment and characterization of a human Epstein-Barr virus-associated gastric carcinoma in SCID mice. J Virol. 1998;72:8321–6.

CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

Yagi K, Akagi K, Hayashi H, Nagae G, Tsuji S, Isagawa T, et al. Three DNA methylation epigenotypes in human colorectal cancer. Clin Cancer Res. 2010;16:21–33.

CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

Matsusaka K, Funata S, Fukuyo M, Seto Y, Aburatani H, Fukayama M, et al. Epstein-Barr virus infection induces genome-wide de novo DNA methylation in non-neoplastic gastric epithelial cells. J Pathol. 2017;242:391–9.

CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

Nazor KL, Altun G, Lynch C, Tran H, Harness JV, Slavin I, et al. Recurrent variations in DNA methylation in human pluripotent stem cells and their differentiated derivatives. Cell Stem Cell. 2012;10:620–34.

CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

Camargo MC, Kim WH, Chiaravalli AM, Kim KM, Corvalan AH, Matsuo K, et al. Improved survival of gastric cancer with tumour Epstein-Barr virus positivity: an international pooled analysis. Gut. 2014;63:236–43.

Article  Google Scholar 

Li YZ, Yang YS, Lu YY, Herman JG, Brock MV, Zhao P, et al. Predictive value of CHFR and MLH1 methylation in human gastric cancer. Gastric Cancer. 2015;18:280–7.

CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

Shigeyasu K, Nagasaka T, Mori Y, Yokomichi N, Kawai T, Fuji T, et al. Clinical significance of MLH1 methylation and CpG island methylator phenotype as prognostic markers in patients with gastric cancer. Plos One. 2015;10: e0130409.

Article  Google Scholar