Siegel, R. L., Miller, K. D., Fuchs, H. E., & Jemal, A. (2021). Cancer statistics, 2021. CA: A Cancer Journal for Clinicians, 71(1), 7–33.

Google Scholar 

Howlader N NA, Krapcho M, Garshell J, Miller D, Altekruse SF, Kosary CL, Yu M, Ruhl J, Tatalovich Z, Mariotto A, Lewis DR, Chen HS, Feuer EJ, Cronin KA (eds). . SEER Cancer Statistics Review, 1975–2011, National Cancer Institute. Bethesda, MD, https://seer.cancer.gov/archive/csr/1975_2011/, based on November 2013 SEER data submission, posted to the SEER web site, April 2014.

Anderson, W. F., Katki, H. A., & Rosenberg, P. S. (2011). Incidence of breast cancer in the United States: Current and future trends. Journal of the National Cancer Institute., 103(18), 1397–1402.

PubMed  PubMed Central  Article  Google Scholar 

Li, C. I., Daling, J. R., & Malone, K. E. (2003). Incidence of invasive breast cancer by hormone receptor status from 1992 to 1998. Journal of Clinical Oncology., 21(1), 28–34.

CAS  PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

Kim, C. K., Torcaso, A., Asimes, A., Chung, W. C. J., & Pak, T. R. (2018). Structural and functional characteristics of oestrogen receptor β splice variants: Implications for the ageing brain. Journal of Neuroendocrinology., 30(2), e12488. https://doi.org/10.1111/jne.12488

CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

Movérare-Skrtic, S., Börjesson, A. E., Farman, H. H., et al. (2014). The estrogen receptor antagonist ICI 182,780 can act both as an agonist and an inverse agonist when estrogen receptor α AF-2 is modified. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences., 111(3), 1180–1185.

Article  Google Scholar 

Parikh, I., Rajendran, K. G., Su, J. L., Lopez, T., & Sar, M. (1987). Are estrogen receptors cytoplasmic or nuclear? Some immunocytochemical and biochemical studies. Journal of Steroid Biochemistry, 27(1–3), 185–192. https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-4731(87)90309-8

CAS  Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Jensen, E. V., & Jordan, V. C. (2003). The estrogen receptor: A model for molecular medicine. Clinical cancer research., 9(6), 1980–1989.

CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Macgregor, J. I., & Jordan, V. C. (1998). Basic guide to the mechanisms of antiestrogen action. Pharmacological reviews., 50(2), 151–196.

CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Heldring, N., Pike, A., Andersson, S., et al. (2007). Estrogen receptors: How do they signal and what are their targets. Physiological reviews., 87(3), 905–931.

CAS  PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

Cosman, F., & Lindsay, R. (1999). Selective estrogen receptor modulators: Clinical spectrum. Endocrine Reviews., 20(3), 418–434.

CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Howell, A., Group EBCTC. (1998). Tamoxifen for early breast cancer: an overview of the randomised trials Early Breast Cancer Trialists’ Collaborative Group. Lancet (London, England), 351(9114), 1451–67.

Article  Google Scholar 

Vogel, V. G., Costantino, J. P., Wickerham, D. L., et al. (2006). Effects of tamoxifen vs raloxifene on the risk of developing invasive breast cancer and other disease outcomes: The NSABP Study of Tamoxifen and Raloxifene (STAR) P-2 trial. JAMA, 295(23), 2727–2741.

CAS  PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

Kidwell, K. M., Harte, S. E., Hayes, D. F., et al. (2014). Patient-reported symptoms and discontinuation of adjuvant aromatase inhibitor therapy. Cancer, 120(16), 2403–2411.

PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

Lee CI, Goodwin A, Wilcken N. Fulvestrant for hormone-sensitive metastatic breast cancer. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2017;(1)

Wu, Y.-L., Yang, X., Ren, Z., et al. (2005). Structural basis for an unexpected mode of SERM-mediated ER antagonism. Molecular Cell., 18(4), 413–424.

CAS  PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

Wittmann, B. M., Sherk, A., & McDonnell, D. P. (2007). Definition of functionally important mechanistic differences among selective estrogen receptor down-regulators. Cancer Research., 67(19), 9549–9560.

CAS  PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

Connor, C. E., Norris, J. D., Broadwater, G., et al. (2001). Circumventing tamoxifen resistance in breast cancers using antiestrogens that induce unique conformational changes in the estrogen receptor. Cancer research., 61(7), 2917–2922.

CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Osborne, C., Wakeling, A., & Nicholson, R. (2004). Fulvestrant: An oestrogen receptor antagonist with a novel mechanism of action. British Journal of Cancer., 90(1), S2–S6.

CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Article  Google Scholar 

Vergote, I., & Abram, P. (2006). Fulvestrant, a new treatment option for advanced breast cancer: Tolerability versus existing agents. Annals of oncology., 17(2), 200–204.

CAS  PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

Ellis, M. J., Llombart-Cussac, A., Feltl, D., et al. (2015). Fulvestrant 500 mg versus anastrozole 1 mg for the first-line treatment of advanced breast cancer: Overall survival analysis from the phase II FIRST study. Journal of Clinical Oncology., 33(32), 3781.

CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Article  Google Scholar 

Ciruelos, E., Pascual, T., Vozmediano, M. L. A., et al. (2014). The therapeutic role of fulvestrant in the management of patients with hormone receptor-positive breast cancer. The Breast., 23(3), 201–208.

PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

Robertson, J. F., Bondarenko, I. M., Trishkina, E., et al. (2016). Fulvestrant 500 mg versus anastrozole 1 mg for hormone receptor-positive advanced breast cancer (FALCON): An international, randomised, double-blind, phase 3 trial. The Lancet., 388(10063), 2997–3005.

CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

Robertson, J. F., Llombart-Cussac, A., Rolski, J., et al. (2009). Activity of fulvestrant 500 mg versus anastrozole 1 mg as first-line treatment for advanced breast cancer: Results from the FIRST study. Journal of Clinical Oncology., 27(27), 4530–4535.

CAS  PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

Turner Nicholas, C., Slamon Dennis, J., Ro Jungsil, B. I., et al. (2018). Cristofanilli Massimo Overall survival with palbociclib and fulvestrant in advanced breast cancer. New England Journal of Medicine, 379(20), 1926–1936.

CAS  PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

Sledge, G. W., Toi, M., Neven, P., et al. (2020). The effect of abemaciclib plus fulvestrant on overall survival in hormone receptor–positive, ERBB2-negative breast cancer that progressed on endocrine therapy—MONARCH 2: A randomized clinical trial. JAMA oncology., 6(1), 116–124.

PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

Slamon, D. J., Neven, P., Chia, S., et al. (2020). Overall survival with ribociclib plus fulvestrant in advanced breast cancer. New England Journal of medicine., 382(6), 514–524.

CAS  PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

André, F., Ciruelos, E. M., Juric, D., et al. (2021). Alpelisib plus fulvestrant for PIK3CA-mutated, hormone receptor-positive, human epidermal growth factor receptor-2-negative advanced breast cancer: Final overall survival results from SOLAR-1. Annals of Oncology, 32(2), 208–217. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annonc.2020.11.011

CAS  Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

van Kruchten, M., de Vries, E. G., Glaudemans, A. W., et al. (2015). Measuring residual estrogen receptor availability during fulvestrant therapy in patients with metastatic breast cancer. Cancer discovery., 5(1), 72–81.

PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

Bross, P. F., Baird, A., Chen, G., et al. (2003). Fulvestrant in postmenopausal women with advanced breast cancer. Clinical cancer research., 9(12), 4309–4317.

CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Boulay, A., Rudloff, J., Ye, J., et al. (2005). Dual inhibition of mTOR and estrogen receptor signaling in vitro induces cell death in models of breast cancer. Clinical Cancer Research, 11(14), 5319–5328. https://doi.org/10.1158/1078-0432.Ccr-04-2402

CAS  Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Baselga, J., Campone, M., Piccart, M., et al. (2011). Everolimus in postmenopausal hormone-receptor–positive advanced breast cancer. New England Journal of Medicine., 366(6), 520–529. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1109653

CAS  Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Bachelot T, Bourgier C, Cropet C, et al. Abstract S1–6: TAMRAD: a GINECO randomized phase II trial of everolimus in combination with tamoxifen versus tamoxifen alone in patients (pts) with hormone-receptor positive, HER2 negative metastatic breast cancer (MBC) with prior exposure to aromatase inhibitors (AI). Cancer Research. 2010;70(24_Supplement):S1–6-S1–6. https://doi.org/10.1158/0008-5472.Sabcs10-s1-6

Finn RS, Dering J, Conklin D, et al. PD 0332991, a selective cyclin D kinase 4/6 inhibitor, preferentially inhibits proliferation of luminal estrogen receptor-positive human breast cancer cell lines in vitro. Breast Cancer Research. 2009/10/29 2009;11(5):R77. https://doi.org/10.1186/bcr2419

Pernas, S., Tolaney, S. M., Winer, E. P., & Goel, S. (2018). CDK4/6 inhibition in breast cancer: Current practice and future directions. Ther Adv Med Oncol., 10, 1758835918786451. https://doi.org/10.1177/1758835918786451

CAS  Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Montagna, E., & Colleoni, M. (2019). Hormonal treatment combined with targeted therapies in endocrine-responsive and HER2-positive metastatic breast cancer. Therapeutic Advances in Medical Oncology., 11, 1758835919894105. https://doi.org/10.1177/1758835919894105

CAS  Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Bardia, A., Kaklamani, V., Wilks, S., et al. (2021). Phase I study of elacestrant (RAD1901), a novel selective estrogen receptor degrader, in ER-positive, HER2-negative advanced breast cancer. Journal of clinical oncology: Official journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology., 39(12), 1360–1370.

CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

Patel, H. K., Tao, N., Lee, K.-M., et al. (2019). Elacestrant (RAD1901) exhibits anti-tumor activity in multiple ER+ breast cancer models resistant to CDK4/6 inhibitors. Breast Cancer Research., 21(1), 1–17.

Article  Google Scholar 

Bihani, T., Patel, H. K., Arlt, H., et al. (2017). Elacestrant (RAD1901), a selective estrogen receptor degrader (SERD), has antitumor activity in multiple ER+ breast cancer patient-derived xenograft models elacestrant inhibits growth of ER+ breast cancer PDX models. Clinical Cancer Research., 23(16), 4793–4804.

CAS  PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

Bidard F-C, Kaklamani VG, Neven P, et al. Elacestrant (oral selective estrogen receptor degrader) versus standard endocrine therapy for estrogen receptor–positive, human epidermal growth factor receptor 2–negative advanced breast cancer: results from the randomized phase III EMERALD trial. Journal of Clinical Oncology. 2022:JCO. 22.00338.

Besret, L., d’Heilly, S., Aubert, C., et al. (2020). Translational strategy using multiple nuclear imaging biomarkers to evaluate target engagement and early therapeutic efficacy of SAR439859, a novel selective estrogen receptor degrader. EJNMMI research., 10(1), 1–13.

Article  Google Scholar 

Tolaney, S., Chan, A., Petrakova, K., et al. (2022). 212MO AMEERA-3, a phase II study of amcenestrant (AMC) versus endocrine treatment of physician’s choice (TPC) in patients (pts) with endocrine-resistant ER+/HER2− advanced breast cancer (aBC). Annals of Oncology., 33, S634–S635.