Bagwell CL, Molina BS, Pelham WE Jr, et al. Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder and problems in peer relations: predictions from childhood to adolescence. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2001;40(11):1285–92.

CAS  PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

Hechtman L, Swanson JM, Sibley MH, et al. Functional adult outcomes 16 years after childhood diagnosis of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: MTA results. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2016. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaac.2016.07.774.

PubMed  PubMed Central  Article  Google Scholar 

Sibley MH, Arnold LE, Swanson JM, et al. Variable patterns of remission from ADHD in the multimodal treatment study of ADHD. Am J Psychiatry. 2022;179(2):142–51.

PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

Cordova MM, Antovich DM, Ryabinin P, et al. Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder restricted phenotypes prevalence, comorbidity, and polygenic risk sensitivity in the ABCD baseline cohort. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2022. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaac.2022.03.030.

PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

Daviss WB. A review of co-morbid depression in pediatric ADHD: Etiologies, phenomenology, and treatment. J child Adolesc Psychopharmacol. 2008. https://doi.org/10.1089/cap.2008.03.

PubMed  PubMed Central  Article  Google Scholar 

Brinkman WB, Epstein JN, Auinger P, et al. Association of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and conduct disorder with early tobacco and alcohol use. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2015;147:183–9.

PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

Pliszka S. Practice parameter for the assessment and treatment of children and adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2007;46(7):894–921.

PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

Wolraich ML, Hagan JF, Allan C, et al. Clinical practice guideline for the diagnosis, evaluation, and treatment of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in children and adolescents. Pediatrics. 2019. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2019-2528.

PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

Brumbaugh S, Tuan WJ, Scott A, et al. Trends in characteristics of the recipients of new prescription stimulants between years 2010 and 2020 in the United States: an observational cohort study. EClinicalMedicine. 2022;50: 101524.

PubMed  PubMed Central  Article  Google Scholar 

Sørensen AM, Wesselhöft R, Andersen JH, et al. Trends in use of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder medication among children and adolescents in Scandinavia in 2010–2020. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2022. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00787-022-02034-2.

PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

Vuori M, Koski-Pirilä A, Martikainen JE, et al. Gender-and age-stratified analyses of ADHD medication use in children and adolescents in Finland using population-based longitudinal data, 2008–2018. Scand J Public Health. 2020;48(3):303–7.

PubMed  PubMed Central  Article  Google Scholar 

Shaw P. Quantifying the benefits and risks of methylphenidate as treatment for childhood attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. JAMA. 2016;315:1953–5.

PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

Pauly V, Frauger E, Lepelley M, et al. Patterns and profiles of methylphenidate use both in children and adults. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2018;84(6):1215–27.

CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Article  Google Scholar 

(EMEA) TEMA. Methylphenidate article 31 referral—annex I, II, III, IV. 2007.

Krinzinger H, Hall CL, Groom MJ, et al. Neurological and psychiatric adverse effects of long-term methylphenidate treatment in ADHD: a map of the current evidence. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2019;107:945–68.

CAS  PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

Kis B, Lücke C, Abdel-Hamid M, et al. Safety profile of methylphenidate under long-term treatment in adult ADHD patients-results of the compas study. Pharmacopsychiatry. 2020;53(06):263–71.

CAS  PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

Mohammadi MR, Zarafshan H, Khaleghi A, et al. Prevalence of ADHD and its comorbidities in a population-based sample. J Atten Disord. 2021. https://doi.org/10.1177/1087054719886372.

PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

Man KK, Coghill D, Chan EW, et al. Methylphenidate and the risk of psychotic disorders and hallucinations in children and adolescents in a large health system. Transl Psychiatry. 2016. https://doi.org/10.1038/tp.2016.216.

PubMed  PubMed Central  Article  Google Scholar 

Lee MH, Choi JW, Lee J, et al. Trends in prescriptions for sedative–hypnotics among Korean adults: a nationwide prescription database study for 2011–2015. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol. 2019;54(4):477–84.

PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

You SC, Rho Y, Bikdeli B, et al. Association of ticagrelor vs clopidogrel with net adverse clinical events in patients with acute coronary syndrome undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention. JAMA. 2020;324(16):1640–50.

CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Article  Google Scholar 

Hripcsak G, Duke JD, Shah NH, et al. Observational Health Data Sciences and Informatics (OHDSI): opportunities for observational researchers. Stud Health Technol Inform. 2015;216:574.

PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Childress AC, Foehl HC, Newcorn JH, et al. Long-Term Treatment With Extended-Release Methylphenidate Treatment in Children Aged 4 to< 6 Years. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2022;61(1):80–92.

PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

Lam AP, Matthies S, Graf E, et al. Long-term effects of multimodal treatment on adult attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder symptoms: follow-up analysis of the COMPAS trial. JAMA Netw Open. 2019. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2019.4980.

PubMed  PubMed Central  Article  Google Scholar 

Tian Y, Schuemie MJ, Suchard MA. Evaluating large-scale propensity score performance through real-world and synthetic data experiments. Int J Epidemiol. 2018;47(6):2005–14.

PubMed  PubMed Central  Article  Google Scholar 

Chang Z, Ghirardi L, Quinn PD, et al. Risks and benefits of ADHD medication on behavioral and neuropsychiatric outcomes: a qualitative review of pharmacoepidemiology studies using linked prescription databases. Biol Psychiatry. 2019;86(5):335.

PubMed  PubMed Central  Article  Google Scholar 

Daviss WB, Birmaher B, Diler RS, et al. Does pharmacotherapy for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder predict risk of later major depression? J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol. 2008;18(3):257–64.

PubMed  PubMed Central  Article  Google Scholar 

Biederman J, Monuteaux MC, Spencer T, et al. Do stimulants protect against psychiatric disorders in youth with ADHD? A 10-year follow-up study. Pediatrics. 2009;124(1):71–8.

PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

Lee MJ, Yang KC, Shyu YC, et al. Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, its treatment with medication and the probability of developing a depressive disorder: a nationwide population-based study in Taiwan. J Affect Disord. 2016;189:110–7.

PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

Chang Z, D’Onofrio BM, Quinn PD, et al. Medication for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and risk for depression: a nationwide longitudinal cohort study. Biol Psychiat. 2016;80(12):916–22.

PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

Hechtman L, Abikoff H, Klein RG, et al. Academic achievement and emotional status of children with ADHD treated with long-term methylphenidate and multimodal psychosocial treatment. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2004;43(7):812–9.

PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

Lichtenstein P, Halldner L, Zetterqvist J, et al. Medication for attention deficit–hyperactivity disorder and criminality. N Engl J Med. 2012;367(21):2006–14.

CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Article  Google Scholar 

Chang Z, Quinn PD, Hur K, et al. Association between medication use for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and risk of motor vehicle crashes. JAMA Psychiatry. 2017;74(6):597–603.

PubMed  PubMed Central  Article  Google Scholar 

Chang Z, Lichtenstein P, Halldner L, et al. Stimulant ADHD medication and risk for substance abuse. J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 2014;55(8):878–85.

PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

Pringsheim T, Hirsch L, Gardner D, et al. The pharmacological management of oppositional behaviour, conduct problems, and aggression in children and adolescents with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, oppositional defiant disorder, and conduct disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Part 1: psychostimulants, alpha-2 agonists, and atomoxetine. Can J Psychiatry. 2015. https://doi.org/10.1177/070674371506000202.

PubMed  PubMed Central  Article  Google Scholar 

Chamberlain SR, Robbins TW, Sahakian BJ. The neurobiology of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Biol Psychiat. 2007;61(12):1317–9.

PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

Bendiksen B, Svensson E, Aase H, et al. Co-occurrence of ODD and CD in preschool children with symptoms of ADHD. J Atten Disord. 2017;21(9):741–52.

PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

Jensen PS, Hinshaw SP, Kraemer HC, et al. ADHD comorbidity findings from the MTA study: comparing comorbid subgroups. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2001;40(2):147–58.

CAS  PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

Kraemer M, Uekermann J, Wiltfang J, et al. Methylphenidate-induced psychosis in adult attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: report of 3 new cases and review of the literature. Clin Neuropharmacol. 2010;33(4):204–6.

PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

Shyu Y-C, Yuan S-S, Lee S-Y, et al. Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, methylphenidate use and the risk of developing schizophrenia spectrum disorders: a nationwide population-based study in Taiwan. Schizophr Res. 2015;168(1–2):161–7.

PubMed  Article