World Health Organization. Listings of WHO's response to COVID-19. World Health Organization. https://www.who.int/news/item/29-06-2020-covidtimeline. Accessed 30 Nov 2021.

Worldometer. COVID-19 coronavirus pandemic. Worldometer. https://www.worldometers.info/coronavirus/. Accessed 30 Nov 2021.

Newsom G. Executive order N-33-20. COVID19.CA.GOV. https://covid19.ca.gov/img/Executive-Order-N-33-20.pdf. Accessed 30 Nov 2021.

Gloria T. City of san diego executive order no. 2020-12 By The mayor. sandiego.gov. https://www.sandiego.gov/sites/default/files/executive_order_-_outdoor_dining.pdf. Accessed 1 Dec 2021.

Racine N, Cooke JE, Eirich R, Korczak DJ, McArthur B, Madigan S. Child and adolescent mental illness during COVID-19: a rapid review. Psychiatry Res. 2020;292: 113307.

CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Article  Google Scholar 

Nearchou F, Flinn C, Niland R, Subramaniam SS, Hennessy E. Exploring the impact of COVID-19 on mental health outcomes in children and adolescents: a systematic review. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020;17(22):8479.

CAS  PubMed Central  Article  Google Scholar 

de Miranda DM, da Silva Athanasio B, de Sena Oliveira AC, Silva ACS. How is COVID-19 pandemic impacting mental health of children and adolescents? Int J Disaster Risk Reduct. 2020. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2020.101845.

Article  Google Scholar 

Panchal U, de Salazar Pablo G, Franco M, Moreno C, Parellada M, Arango C, Fusar-Poli P. The impact of COVID-19 lockdown on child and adolescent mental health: systematic review. Eur Child Adolesc psychiatry. 2021. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00787-021-01856-w.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Chawla N, Tom A, Sen MS, Sagar R. Psychological impact of COVID-19 on children and adolescents: a systematic review. Indian J Psychol Med. 2021;43(4):294–9.

PubMed  PubMed Central  Article  Google Scholar 

Racine N, McArthur BA, Cooke JE, Eirich R, Zhu J, Madigan S. Global prevalence of depressive and anxiety symptoms in children and adolescents during COVID-19: a meta-analysis. JAMA Pediatr. 2021;175(11):1142–50.

PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

Czeisler MÉ, Rohan EA, Melillo S, et al. Mental health among parents of children aged <18 years and unpaid caregivers of adults during the COVID-19 pandemic—United States, December 2020 and February–March 2021. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2021;70:879–87.

CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Article  Google Scholar 

Fontanesi L, Marchetti D, Mazza C, Di Giandomenico S, Roma P, Verrocchio MC. The effect of the COVID-19 lockdown on parents: a call to adopt urgent measures. Psychol Trauma. 2020;12(S1):S79–81.

PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

Lee J. Mental health effects of school closures during COVID-19. Lancet Child Adolesc Health. 2020;4(6):421.

CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Article  Google Scholar 

Patrick SW, Henkhaus LE, Zickafoose JS, et al. Well-being of parents and children during the COVID-19 pandemic: a national survey. Pediatrics. 2020;146(4): e2020016824.

PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

Russell BS, Hutchison M, Tambling R, Tomkunas AJ, Horton AL. Initial challenges of caregiving during COVID-19: caregiver burden, mental health, and the parent-child relationship. Child Psychiatry Hum Dev. 2020;51(5):671–82.

CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Article  Google Scholar 

Wu M, Xu W, Yao Y, et al. Mental health status of students’ parents during COVID-19 pandemic and its influence factors. Gen Psychiatr. 2020;33(4):e100250.

CAS  PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

Palinks LA, De Leon J, Salinas E, et al. Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on child and adolescent mental health policy and practice implementation. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2021;18(18):9622.

Article  Google Scholar 

Leeb RT, Bitsko RH, Radhakrishnan L, Martinez P, Njai R, Holland KM. Mental health-related emergency department visits among children aged <18 years during the COVID-19 pandemic—United States January 1–October 17, 2020. Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2020;69(45):1675–80.

CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

Yard E, Radhakrishnan L, Ballesteros MF, et al. Emergency department visits for suspected suicide attempts among persons aged 12–25 years before and during the COVID-19 pandemic—United States, January 2019–May 2021. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2021;70(24):888–94.

CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Article  Google Scholar 

Hill R, Rufino K, Kurian S, Saxena J, Saxena K, Williams L. Suicide ideation and attempts in a pediatric emergency department before and during COVID-19. Pediatrics. 2021;147(3): e2020029280.

PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

Hartnett KP, Kite-Powell A, DeVies J, et al. Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on emergency department visits—United States, January 1, 2019–May 30, 2020. Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2020;69(23):699–704.

CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

Guessoum SB, Lachal J, Radjack R, Carretier E, Minassian S, Benoit L, Moro MR. Adolescent psychiatric disorders during the COVID-19 pandemic and lockdown. Psychiatry Res. 2020;291: 113264.

CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Article  Google Scholar 

Imran N, Zeshan M, Pervaiz Z. Mental health considerations for children & adolescents in COVID-19 pandemic. Pak J Med Sci. 2020. https://doi.org/10.12669/pjms.36.COVID19-S4.2759.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Loades ME, Chatburn E, Higson-Sweeney N, et al. Rapid systematic review: the impact of social isolation and loneliness on the mental health of children and adolescents in the context of COVID-19. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2020;59(11):1218–39.

PubMed  PubMed Central  Article  Google Scholar 

Ettman CK, Abdalla SM, Cohen GH, Sampson L, Vivier PM, Galea S. Prevalence of depression symptoms in US adults before and during the COVID-19 pandemic. JAMA Netw Open. 2020;3(9):e2019686.

PubMed  PubMed Central  Article  Google Scholar 

Ettman CK, Cohen GH, Abdalla SM, et al. Persistent depressive symptoms during COVID-19: a national, population-representative, longitudinal study of US adults. Lancet Reg Health Am. 2022. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lana.2021.100091.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Wade M, Prime H, Browne DT. Why we need longitudinal mental health research with children and youth during (and after) the COVID-19 pandemic. Psychiatry Res. 2020;290: 113143.

CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Article  Google Scholar 

Silliman Cohen RI, Bosk EA. Vulnerable youth and the COVID-19 pandemic. Pediatrics. 2020;146(1): e20201306.

PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

Vinkers CH, van Amelsvoort T, Bisson JI, Branchi I, Cryan JF, Domschke K, Howes OD, Manchia M, Pinto L, de Quervain D, Schmidt MV. Stress resilience during the coronavirus pandemic. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol. 2020;35:12–6.

CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Article  Google Scholar 

DeMulder J, Kraus-Perrotta C, Zaidi H. Sexual and gender minority adolescents must be prioritised during the global COVID-19 public health response. Sex Reprod Health Matters. 2020;28(1):1804717.

PubMed  PubMed Central  Article  Google Scholar 

Salerno JP, Devadas J, Pease M, Nketia B, Fish JN. Sexual and gender minority stress amid the COVID-19 pandemic: implications for LGBTQ young persons’ mental health and well-being. Public Health Rep. 2020;135(6):721–7.

PubMed  PubMed Central  Article  Google Scholar 

Fish JN, McInroy LB, Paceley MS, Williams ND, Henderson S, Levine DS, Edsall RN. “I’m kinda stuck at home with unsupportive parents right now”: LGBTQ youths’ experiences with COVID-19 and the importance of online support. J Adolesc Health. 2020;67(3):450–2.

PubMed  PubMed Central  Article  Google Scholar 

Hawke LD, Hayes E, Darnay K, Henderson J. Mental health among transgender and gender diverse youth: an exploration of effects during the COVID-19 pandemic. Psychol Sex Orientat Gend Divers. 2021. https://doi.org/10.1037/sgd0000467.

Article  Google Scholar 

Parolin Z. What the COVID-19 pandemic reveals about racial differences in child welfare and child well-being: an introduction to the special issue. Race Soc Probl. 2021;13(1):1–5.

PubMed  PubMed Central  Article  Google Scholar 

Penner F, Ortiz JH, Sharp C. Change in youth mental health during the COVID-19 pandemic in a majority hispanic/latinx US sample. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2021;60(4):513–23.

PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

Kamal K, Li JJ, Hahm HC, Liu CH. Psychiatric impacts of the COVID-19 global pandemic on US sexual and gender minority young adults. Psychiatry Res. 2021;299: 113855.

CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Article  Google Scholar 

Moore SE, Wierenga KL, Prince DM, Gillani B, Mintz LJ. Disproportionate impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on perceived social support, mental health and somatic symptoms in sexual and gender minority populations. J Homosex. 2021;68(4):577–91.

PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

Proto E, Quintana-Domeque C. COVID-19 and mental health deterioration by ethnicity and gender in the UK. PLoS ONE. 2021;16(1): e0244419.

CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Article  Google Scholar 

O’Connor RC, Wetherall K, Cleare S, McClelland H, Melson AJ, Niedzwiedz CL, Robb KA. Mental health and well-being during the COVID-19 pandemic: longitudinal analyses of adults in the UK COVID-19 mental health & wellbeing study. Br J Psychiatry. 2021;218(6):326–33.

PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

Cahill S, Makadon H. Sexual orientation and gender identity data collection in clinical settings and in electronic health records: a key to ending LGBT health disparities. LGBT Health. 2014;1(1):34–41.

PubMed