Citation analysis of the most influential publications on whiplash injury: A STROBE-compliant study

1. Introduction

Whiplash injury is a common trauma caused by rapid acceleration–deceleration movements of the head and neck.[1,2] The annual incidence of whiplash injury is estimated to be 328 to 677 per 100.000 inhabitants.[1–3] It most commonly occurs in road traffic accidents, involving more than 80% of persons in motor vehicles collision.[1] Whiplash-associated disorders are used to describe neck pain and clusters of physical and psychological symptoms experienced after a whiplash injury.[4] Approximately 50% of individuals suffer from persistent pain 1 year after whiplash injury, and as many as 25% of them develop a long-term complex pain related disability.[2,5,6]Whiplash injury represents an important and growing burden.[4,6–8] The annual economic cost of whiplash injury is estimated to be $3.9 billion in the United States.[6,7]

A large number of papers on whiplash injury have been published in the journals to share new knowledge in this filed.[2–4,6–8] Among the numerous papers, some important publications may play a vital role in the progress of whiplash injury research. [2,4,8] However, there is a lack of studies to identify these most influential publications in the field of whiplash injury.

The number of citations is an important indicator for the academic impact of the publications.[9] Citation analysis has been widely performed in multiple disciplines to quantitatively and qualitatively analyze important information of certain topic.[10–27] Citation analysis of the most influential publications have been carried out in many filed.[10–27] However, there have been few studies regarding the most cited publications on whiplash injury. The purpose of the present study was to determine the 100 most cited publications on whiplash injury and analyze their characteristics.

2. Methods

Ethical approval was not required because this work did not contain any studies with patients or animals. The Web of Science database was used for this citation analysis.[10–27] The keywords included “whiplash,” “whiplash injury,” whiplash injuries,” “whiplash-associated disorder,” and “whiplash-associated disorders.” [4,8] The literature search was carried out on January 6th, 2022. No limitation was used in the publication time or article type. The searching results ranked by the citation count of the publications. Two authors independently reviewed the publications for their relevance to whiplash injury. Disagreements were resolved by discussion. A third author was invited to make a final decision when necessary. The top 100 cited publications on whiplash injury were included in this study.

Data extractions were conducted by 2 independent authors. Disagreements between authors were resolved by consensus. The following information was extracted and analyzed: title, year of publication, citation, authorship, journal, country, institution, and topic. The study topic contained etiology, treatment, risk factors, measurement, epidemiology and general to whiplash injury. The countries were classified into high-income, middle-income and low-income countries in terms of the World Bank income criteria (www.worldbank.org).[28] Citation density (citation count/ the number of years since the paper was published) and the average citation were also analyzed.[19,20]

3. Results

Citation count of the top 100 cited publications ranged from 82 to 777 with a mean number of 155. The most cited paper was published in the journal Spine in 1995, and had the highest number of citation density (31.08). The main information of these publications was listed in Table 1. The oldest and most recent publications were published in 1953 and 2013, respectively. All publications in the top 100 list were written in English.

Table 1 - The 100 most cited publications on whiplash injury. Rank Author (first) Yr Article Journal Citation number Citation density 1 Spitzer WO 1995 Scientific monograph of the Quebec Task Force on Whiplash-Associated Disorders: redefining “whiplash” and its management Spine 777 31.08 2 Cassidy JD 2000 Effect of eliminating compensation for pain and suffering on the outcome of insurance claims for whiplash injury NEJM 445 22.25 3 Caffey J 1974 The whiplash shaken infant syndrome: manual shaking by the extremities with whiplash-induced intracranial and intraocular bleedings, linked with residual permanent brain damage and mental retardation Pediatrics 412 8.96 4 Lord SM 1996 Percutaneous radio-frequency neurotomy for chronic cervical zygapophyseal-joint pain NEJM 408 17.00 5 Barnsley L 1994 Whiplash injury Pain 325 12.50 6 Sterling M 2003 Sensory hypersensitivity occurs soon after whiplash injury and is associated with poor recovery Pain 315 18.53 7 Lord SM 1996 Chronic cervical zygapophysial joint pain after whiplash. A placebo-controlled prevalence study Spine 298 12.42 8 Banic B 2004 Evidence for spinal cord hypersensitivity in chronic pain after whiplash injury and in fibromyalgia Pain 295 18.44 9 Barnsley L 1995 The prevalence of chronic cervical zygapophysial joint pain after whiplash Spine 287 11.48 10 Scholten-Peeters 2003 Prognostic factors of whiplash-associated disorders: a systematic review of prospective cohort studies Pain 287 16.88 11 Schrader H 1996 Natural evolution of late whiplash syndrome outside the medicolegal context Lancet 270 11.25 12 Carroll LJ 2008 Course and prognostic factors for neck pain in whiplash-associated disorders (WAD): results of the Bone and Joint Decade 2000-2010 Task Force on Neck Pain and Its Associated Disorders Spine 261 21.75 13 Guthkelch AN 1971 Infantile subdural hematoma and its relationship to whiplash injuries BMJ 245 5.00 14 Radanov BP 1995 Long-term outcome after whiplash injury. A 2-year follow-up considering features of injury mechanism and somatic, radiologic, and psychosocial findings Medicine 243 9.72 15 Jull G 2004 Impairment in the cervical flexors: a comparison of whiplash and insidious onset neck pain patients Man Ther 239 14.94 16 Treleaven J 2003 Dizziness and unsteadiness following whiplash injury: characteristic features and relationship with cervical joint position error J Rehabil Med 227 13.35 17 Sterling M 2005 Physical and psychological factors predict outcome following whiplash injury Pain 226 15.07 18 Curatolo M 2001 Central hypersensitivity in chronic pain after whiplash injury Clin J Pain 214 11.26 19 Obelieniene D 1999 Pain after whiplash: a prospective controlled inception cohort study J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 208 9.90 20 Sterling M 2003 Development of motor system dysfunction following whiplash injury Pain 197 11.59 21 Ommaya AK 1968 Whiplash injury and brain damage: an experimental study JAMA 184 3.54 22 Scott D 2005 Widespread sensory hypersensitivity is a feature of chronic whiplash-associated disorder but not chronic idiopathic neck pain Clin J Pain 178 11.87 23 Sterling M 2006 Physical and psychological factors maintain long-term predictive capacity post-whiplash injury Pain 177 12.64 24 Kamper SJ 2008 Course and prognostic factors of whiplash: a systematic review and meta-analysis Pain 176 14.67 25 Hadley MN 1989 The infant whiplash-shake injury syndrome: a clinical and pathological study Neurosurgery 174 5.61 26 Gonzalez-Iglesias J 2009 Short-term effects of cervical kinesio taping on pain and cervical range of motion in patients with acute whiplash injury: a randomized clinical trial J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 168 15.27 27 Koelbaek Johansen M 1999 Generalised muscular hyperalgesia in chronic whiplash syndrome Pain 166 7.90 28 McLean SA 2005 The development of persistent pain and psychological morbidity after motor vehicle collision: integrating the potential role of stress response systems into a biopsychosocial model Psychosom Med 165 11.00 29 Ommaya AK 1971 Tolerances for cerebral concussion from head impact and whiplash in primates J Biomech 162 3.31 30 Dall’Alba PT 2001 Cervical range of motion discriminates between asymptomatic persons and those with whiplash Spine 161 8.47 31 Radanov BP 1991 Role of psychosocial stress in recovery from common whiplash [see comment] Lancet 158 5.45 32 Sullivan MJ 2006 A psychosocial risk factor--targeted intervention for the prevention of chronic pain and disability following whiplash injury Phys Ther 155 11.07 33 Lord SM 1995 The utility of comparative local anesthetic blocks versus placebo-controlled blocks for the diagnosis of cervical zygapophysial joint pain Clin J Pain 152 6.08 34 Holm LW 2008 The burden and determinants of neck pain in whiplash-associated disorders after traffic collisions: results of the Bone and Joint Decade 2000-2010 Task Force on Neck Pain and Its Associated Disorders Spine 152 12.67 35 Kaneoka K 1999 Motion analysis of cervical vertebrae during whiplash loading Spine 150 7.14 36 Jull G 2007 Does the presence of sensory hypersensitivity influence outcomes of physical rehabilitation for chronic whiplash?--A preliminary RCT Pain 144 11.08 37 Heikkilä H 1998 Cervicocephalic kinesthetic sensibility, active range of cervical motion, and oculomotor function in patients with whiplash injury Arch Phys Med Rehabil 144 6.55 38 Nederhand MJ 2004 Predictive value of fear avoidance in developing chronic neck pain disability: consequences for clinical decision making Arch Phys Med Rehabil 142 8.88 39 Gay JR 1953 Common whiplash injuries of the neck JAMA 140 2.09 40 Borchgrevink GE 1998 Acute treatment of whiplash neck sprain injuries. A randomized trial of treatment during the first 14 days after a car accident Spine 140 6.36 41 Davis SJ 1991 Cervical spine hyperextension injuries: MR findings Radiology 139 4.79 42 Mealy K 1986 Early mobilization of acute whiplash injuries BMJ 138 4.06 43 Loudon JK 1997 Ability to reproduce head position after whiplash injury Spine 138 6.00 44 Elliott J 2006 Fatty infiltration in the cervical extensor muscles in persistent whiplash-associated disorders: a magnetic resonance imaging analysis Spine 137 9.79 45 Grauer JN 1997 Whiplash produces an S-shaped curvature of the neck with hyperextension at lower levels Spine 136 5.91 46 Sterling M 2003 The development of psychological changes following whiplash injury Pain 135 7.94 47 Pearson AM 2004 Facet joint kinematics and injury mechanisms during simulated whiplash Spine 132 8.25 48 Barnsley L 1994 Lack of effect of intraarticular corticosteroids for chronic pain in the cervical zygapophyseal joints NEJM 130 5.00 49 Jull G 2000 Deep Cervical Flexor Muscle Dysfunction in Whiplash J Musculoskelet Pain 127 6.35 50 Wallis BJ 1997 Resolution of psychological distress of whiplash patients following treatment by radiofrequency neurotomy: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial Pain 126 5.48 51 Winkelstein BA 2000 The cervical facet capsule and its role in whiplash injury: a biomechanical investigation Spine 122 6.10 52 Nederhand MJ 2000 Cervical muscle dysfunction in the chronic whiplash associated disorder grade II (WAD-II) Spine 114 5.70 53 Kasch H 2005 Reduced cold pressor pain tolerance in non-recovered whiplash patients: a 1-year prospective study Eur J Pain 112 7.47 54 Heikkilä H 1996 Cervicocephalic kinesthetic sensibility in patients with whiplash injury Scand J Rehabil Med 112 4.67 55 Hoving JL 2003 Validity of the neck disability index, Northwick Park neck pain questionnaire, and problem elicitation technique for measuring disability associated with whiplash-associated disorders Pain 110 6.47 56 Hendriks EJ 2005 Prognostic factors for poor recovery in acute whiplash patients Pain 110 7.33 57 Radanov BP 1994 Relationship between early somatic, radiological, cognitive and psychosocial findings and outcome during a 1-year follow-up in 117 patients suffering from common whiplash Br J Rheumatol 109 4.19 58 Schmand B 1998 Cognitive complaints in patients after whiplash injury: the impact of malingering J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 108 4.91 59 Sturzenegger M 1994 Presenting symptoms and signs after whiplash injury: the influence of accident mechanisms Neurology 107 4.12 60 Maimaris C 1988 “Whiplash injuries” of the neck: a retrospective study Injury 106 3.31 61 Evans RW 1992 Some observations on whiplash injuries Neurol Clin 106 3.79 62 Ronnen HR 1996 Acute whiplash injury: is there a role for MR imaging?--a prospective study of 100 patients Radiology 104 4.33 63 Van Oosterwijck J 2013 Evidence for central sensitization in chronic whiplash: a systematic literature review Eur J Pain 103 14.71 64 Treleaven J 2006 The relationship of cervical joint position error to balance and eye movement disturbances in persistent whiplash Man Ther 103 7.36 65 Sterling M 2004 Characterization of acute whiplash-associated disorders Spine 102 6.38 66 Ettlin TM 1992 Cerebral symptoms after whiplash injury of the neck: a prospective clinical and neuropsychological study of whiplash injury J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 102 3.64 67 Stewart MJ 2007 Randomized controlled trial of exercise for chronic whiplash-associated disorders Pain 101 7.77 68 Rosenfeld M 2000 Early intervention in whiplash-associated disorders: a comparison of 2 treatment protocols Spine 101 5.05 69 Herren-Gerber R 2004 Modulation of central hypersensitivity by nociceptive input in chronic pain after whiplash injury Pain Med 101 6.31 70 Gotten N 1956 Survey of 100 cases of whiplash injury after settlement of litigation JAMA 101 1.58 71 Jonsson H Jr 1994 Findings and outcome in whiplash-type neck distortions Spine 99 3.81 72 Passatore M 2006 Influence of sympathetic nervous system on sensorimotor function: whiplash associated disorders (WAD) as

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