Roth GA, Mensah GA, Johnson CO, Addolorato G, Ammirati E, Baddour LM, et al. Global burden of cardiovascular diseases and risk factors, 1990-2019: update From the GBD 2019 study. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2020;76:2982–3021.

PubMed  PubMed Central  Article  Google Scholar 

Ikeda N, Inoue M, Iso H, Ikeda S, Satoh T, Noda M, et al. Adult mortality attributable to preventable risk factors for non-communicable diseases and injuries in Japan: A comparative risk assessment. PLoS Med. 2012;9:e1001160.

PubMed  PubMed Central  Article  Google Scholar 

Saiki A, Sato Y, Watanabe R, Watanabe Y, Imamura H, Yamaguchi T, et al. The role of a novel arterial stiffness parameter, cardio-ankle vascular index (CAVI), as a surrogate marker for cardiovascular diseases. J Atheroscler Thromb. 2016;23:155–68.

PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

Fujiyoshi A, Ohkubo T, Miura K, Murakami Y, Nagasawa SY, Okamura T, et al. Blood pressure categories and long-term risk of cardiovascular disease according to age group in Japanese men and women. Hypertens Res. 2012;35:947–53.

PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

Thomopoulos C, Parati G, Zanchetti A. Effects of blood pressure lowering on outcome incidence in hypertension. 1. Overview, meta-analyses, and meta-regression analyses of randomized trials. J Hypertens. 2014;32:2285–95.

CAS  PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

Ettehad D, Emdin CA, Kiran A, Anderson SG, Callender T, Emberson J, et al. Blood pressure lowering for prevention of cardiovascular disease and death: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet. 2016;387:957–67.

PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

Brunström M, Carlberg B. Association of Blood Pressure Lowering With Mortality and Cardiovascular Disease Across Blood Pressure Levels: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. JAMA Intern Med. 2018;178:28–36.

PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

SPRINT Research Group, Wright JT, Williamson JD, Whelton PK, Snyder JK, Sink KM, et al. A Randomized Trial of Intensive versus Standard Blood-Pressure Control. N Engl J Med. 2015;373:2103–16.

Article  Google Scholar 

Umemura S, Arima H, Arima S, Asayama K, Dohi Y, Hirooka Y, et al. The Japanese Society of Hypertension guidelines for the management of hypertension (JSH 2019). Hypertens Res. 2019;42:1235–481.

PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

Shirai K, Hiruta N, Song M, Kurosu T, Suzuki J, Tomaru T, et al. Cardio-ankle vascular index (CAVI) as a novel indicator of arterial stiffness: theory, evidence and perspectives. J Atheroscler Thromb. 2011;18:924–38.

PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

Kubozono T, Miyata M, Ueyama K, Nagaki A, Otsuji Y, Kusano K, et al. Clinical significance and reproducibility of new arterial distensibility index. Circ J. 2007;71:89–94.

PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

Ueyama K, Miyata M, Kubozono T, Nagaki A, Hamasaki S, Ueyama S, et al. Noninvasive indices of arterial stiffness in hemodialysis patients. Hypertens Res. 2009;32:716–20.

PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

Ibata J, Sasaki H, Hanabusa T, Wakasaki H, Furuta H, Nishi M, et al. Increased arterial stiffness is closely associated with hyperglycemia and improved by glycemic control in diabetic patients. J Diabetes Investig. 2013;4:82–7.

CAS  PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

Namekata T, Suzuki K, Ishizuka N, Shirai K. Establishing baseline criteria of cardio-ankle vascular index as a new indicator of arteriosclerosis: a cross-sectional study. BMC Cardiovasc Disord. 2011;11:51.

PubMed  PubMed Central  Article  Google Scholar 

Kubozono T, Miyata M, Ueyama K, Hamasaki S, Kusano K, Kubozono O, et al. Acute and chronic effects of smoking on arterial stiffness. Circ J. 2011;75:698–702.

PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

Nagayama D, Yamaguchi T, Saiki A, Imamura H, Sato Y, Ban N, et al. High serum uric acid is associated with increased cardio-ankle vascular index (CAVI) in healthy Japanese subjects: a cross-sectional study. Atherosclerosis. 2015;239:163–8.

CAS  PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

Ishida K, Morimoto S, Horiuchi S, Kimura M, Ishikawa T, Kimura S, et al. Comparison of the usefulness of the cardio-ankle vascular index and augmentation index as an index of arteriosclerosis in patients with essential hypertension. Hypertens Res. 2022;45:455–63.

CAS  PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

Nakamura K, Tomaru T, Yamamura S, Miyashita Y, Shirai K, Noike H. Cardio-ankle vascular index is a candidate predictor of coronary atherosclerosis. Circ J. 2008;72:598–604.

PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

Miyoshi T, Ito H, Shirai K, Horinaka S, Higaki J, Yamamura S, et al. Predictive value of the cardio‐ankle vascular index for cardiovascular events in patients at cardiovascular risk. J Am Heart Assoc. 2021;10:e020103.

PubMed  PubMed Central  Article  Google Scholar 

Sato Y, Nagayama D, Saiki A, Watanabe R, Watanabe Y, Imamura H, et al. Cardio-ankle vascular index is independently associated with future cardiovascular events in outpatients with metabolic disorders. J Atheroscler Thromb. 2016;23:596–605.

PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

Tanaka A, Tomiyama H, Maruhashi T, Matsuzawa Y, Miyoshi T, Kabutoya T, et al. Physiological diagnostic criteria for vascular failure. Hypertension. 2018;72:1060–71.

CAS  PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

Ojima S, Kubozono T, Kawasoe S, Kawabata T, Miyata M, Miyahara H, et al. Association of risk factors for atherosclerosis, including high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, with carotid intima-media thickness, plaque score, and pulse wave velocity in a male population. Hypertens Res. 2020;43:422–30.

CAS  PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

Inoue T, Matsuoka M, Shinjo T, Tamashiro M, Oba K, Kakazu M, et al. Blood pressure, frailty status, and all-cause mortality in elderly hypertensives; The Nambu Cohort Study. Hypertens Res. 2022;45:146–54.

PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

Otsuka K, Fukuda S, Shimada K, Suzuki K, Nakanishi K, Yoshiyama M, et al. Serial assessment of arterial stiffness by cardio-ankle vascular index for prediction of future cardiovascular events in patients with coronary artery disease. Hypertens Res. 2014;37:1014–20.

PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

Park HE, Choi SY, Kim MK, Oh BH. Cardio-ankle vascular index reflects coronary atherosclerosis in patients with abnormal glucose metabolism: assessment with 256 slice multi-detector computed tomography. J Cardiol. 2012;60:372–6.

PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

Chung SL, Yang CC, Chen CC, Hsu YC, Lei MH. Coronary Artery Calcium Score Compared with Cardio-Ankle Vascular Index in the Prediction of Cardiovascular Events in Asymptomatic Patients with Type 2 Diabetes. J Atheroscler Thromb. 2015;22:1255–65.

CAS  PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

Gohbara M, Iwahashi N, Sano Y, Akiyama E, Maejima N, Tsukahara K, et al. Clinical Impact of the Cardio-Ankle Vascular Index for Predicting Cardiovascular Events After Acute Coronary Syndrome. Circ J. 2016;80:1420–6.

CAS  PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

Bramley TJ, Gerbino PP, Nightengale BS, Frech-Tamas F. Relationship of blood pressure control to adherence with antihypertensive monotherapy in 13 managed care organizations. J Manag Care Pharm. 2006;12:239–45.

PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

Mazzaglia G, Ambrosioni E, Alacqua M, Filippi A, Sessa E, Immordino V, et al. Adherence to antihypertensive medications and cardiovascular morbidity among newly diagnosed hypertensive patients. Circulation. 2009;120:1598–605.

CAS  PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

Phillips LS, Branch WT, Cook CB, Doyle JP, El-Kebbi IM, Gallina DL, et al. Clinical inertia. Ann Intern Med. 2001;135:825–34.

CAS  PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

Spence JD, Rayner BL. J curve and cuff artefact, and diagnostic inertia in resistant hypertension. Hypertension. 2016;67:32–3.

CAS  PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

Milman T, Joundi RA, Alotaibi NM, Saposnik G. Clinical inertia in the pharmacological management of hypertension: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Med (Baltim). 2018;97:e11121.

Article  Google Scholar 

Mitchell GF. Arterial stiffness and hypertension: chicken or egg? Hypertension. 2014;64:210–4.

CAS  PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

Miyashita Y, Saiki A, Endo K, Ban N, Yamaguchi T, Kawana H, et al. Effects of olmesartan, an angiotensin II receptor blocker, and amlodipine, a calcium channel blocker, on Cardio-Ankle Vascular Index (CAVI) in type 2 diabetic patients with hypertension. J Atheroscler Thromb. 2009;16:621–6.

CAS  PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

Ishimitsu T, Numabe A, Masuda T, Akabane T, Okamura A, Minami J, et al. Angiotensin-II receptor antagonist combined with calcium channel blocker or diuretic for essential hypertension. Hypertens Res. 2009;32:962–8.

CAS  PubMed  Article  Google Scholar