Toxoplasmosis is a zoonotic disease of global distribution. It is caused by the protozoan parasite Toxoplasma gondii. This parasite can infect most warm-blooded animals, including humans and livestock. Around one-third of human beings are chronically infected with T. gondii. Most infections appear to be asymptomatic in immunocompetent persons, but Toxoplasmosis can be fatal to the fetus and immunocompromised adults. Currently, there is no approved therapy that can eradicate T. gondii tissue cysts, which are responsible for chronic infection (Janetka et al., 2020). Moreover, T. gondii vaccine face a wide variety of challenges (Pagheh et al., 2020). The positive connection between Toxoplasmosis and chronic liver diseases is confirmed (Pazoki et al., 2020). Nonetheless, more studies are needed to clarify the detailed association. Hence the development of reliable and affordable ingredients to address these problems is of paramount importance. Over the last decade, tremendous progress has been made in identifying and developing ingredients which requires the ability to kill parasites but not their hosts (McFarland et al., 2016; Chellan et al., 2017; Deng et al., 2019; Lapinskas and Ben-Harari, 2019; Cheraghipour et al., 2021). A considerable number of phytochemical extracts effective against the parasite, such as, Zingiber officinale, Sophora flavescens Aiton were reported (Guo et al., 2019; Abdullahi et al., 2020; Deng et al., 2020). Potential active ingredients, such as, nitrofurantoin (Yeo et al., 2016), oleuropein (Jiang et al., 2008), oxymatrine and matrine (Zhang et al., 2016) are developed in our continuous efforts.

Therefore, the current study was conducted to develop a new anti-T. gondii agent from local medicinal plant Orostachys malacophylla, which is used as a medicinal ingredient in traditional medicines (Eid et al., 2018; Hassan et al., 2021). Previous studies on O. malacophylla have been reported the presence (R)-lotastralin, sachaloside A, myrtenyl O-β-D-glucopyranoside, sanguisorbic acid dilactone, and other components (Yin et al., 2021), demonstrated antioxidant activity (Ahn et al., 2015), improved fatty-liver conditions, inhibited lipid accumulation and reactive oxygen species production (Jang et al., 2019). To the best our knowledge, there are few reports on low toxicity and high efficiency anti-T. gondii agent, more scientific research is required to establish the anti-parasitic activities for its phenolic compounds. Subsequence, the effect of phenolic compounds against T. gondii is worth exploring (Darme et al., 2022; Deng et al., 2022; Jiang et al., 2022; Martens et al., 2022; Wang et al., 2022b).