Available online 21 September 2022, 105296
ABSTRACTBackgroundDespite widespread use of the mumps vaccine resulting in significant reduction in the incidence of symptomatic mumps infection, large outbreaks continue to occur in highly vaccinated populations.
ObjectivesWe examined the mumps-specific IgG, IgG subclasses and neutralization titres to the outbreak Genotype G5 and Jeryl Lynn vaccine (Genotype A) mumps strains.
Study designSera from 207 individuals were classified into five distinct cohorts: healthy controls and mumps cases of 5-17 years and 18-25 years, and naturally infected individuals of 50+ years. Mumps specific IgG and IgG subclass levels were measured using modified ELISA assays with lysates and nucleoprotein antigens from both the mumps vaccine and circulating Genotype G5 strains. All sera were investigated for in vitro neutralizing antibody titres (GMT) using focus reduction neutralization assays. Data was analysed using the Kruskal-Wallis test and pairwise Wilcoxon tests.
ResultsMumps cases had higher mumps IgG levels compared to controls, to both the vaccine and outbreak strains, however levels decreased with age. Mumps IgG3 levels were significantly raised in mumps cases (p<0.001). Neutralization titres were lower to the outbreak strain in all cohorts with titres markedly lower in the mumps cohorts compared to healthy controls. Mean GMT to the vaccine strain increased with age. The naturally infected group displayed the highest GMT to the JL vaccine and the lowest GMT to the outbreak strain.
ConclusionsAntigenic differences between mumps vaccine strain and circulating mumps viruses decrease the cross-neutralization capacity of vaccine-induced antibodies which may play a role in breakthrough infection.
Section snippetsINTRODUCTIONMumps is an enveloped, negative-sense, single stranded RNA paramyxovirus spread by respiratory droplets. Up to 30% of primary infections are asymptomatic or have mild non-specific symptoms [1]. In the remainder of patients more severe symptoms, commonly parotitis, and less frequently orchitis and encephalitis can occur [2, 3].
Prior to mumps vaccination, epidemic peaks of infection occurred every 2-5 years, with mumps remaining endemic in children [4, 5]. The mumps vaccine was first licensed in
SamplesThe study population consisted of serum samples collected from the following 6 groups:
1Healthy controls (HC) aged 5-17 years (young)
2Healthy controls aged 18-25 years (old)
3Mumps cases (M) aged 5-17 years
4Mumps cases aged 18-25 years
5Naturally infected individuals (N) aged 50+ years
6Mumps-specific IgG negative individuals
Groups 1 and 2 reported receiving 2 MMR doses. Groups 3 and 4 were collected during the large mumps outbreak of 2018-2019 in Ireland and were clinically confirmed acute mumps cases
RESULTSTwo hundred and seven serum samples were analysed for mumps-specific IgG and IgG subclasses to both Jeryl Lynn (vaccine) and genotype G5 (outbreak) strains. Twelve individuals were LIAISON® mumps IgG negative (Group 6). The remaining 195 samples were mumps IgG positive and were divided into five distinct cohorts - ‘young’ (5-17 years of age), and ‘old’ (18-25 years of age), both with samples from mumps infected patients and healthy controls. Each group was up to 12 and 20 years (‘young’ and
DISCUSSIONPrior to the introduction of the mumps vaccine, epidemiological studies concluded that immunity following natural mumps infection is generally life-long, aided by natural boosting due to exposure to mumps virus in the community [19]. Following vaccination however, mumps immunity has been reported to persist for a mean duration of 27 years, but one-quarter of vaccinated persons may lose immunity within 8 years [20]. Waning of vaccination-induced immunity may be a contributory factor to
FundingThis research was funded by the National Children's Research Centre, Crumlin [Grant No. C/18/11] awarded to JH.
CRediT authorship contribution statementDeirdre Jane Foley: Writing – original draft, Formal analysis, Visualization, Writing – review & editing. Anna Rose Connell: Investigation, Methodology, Writing – review & editing. Gabriel Gonzalez: Formal analysis, Visualization. Jeff Connell: Resources, Methodology, Writing – review & editing. Timothy Ronan Leahy: Resources, Writing – review & editing. Cillian De Gascun: Resources, Writing – review & editing. Jaythoon Hassan: Conceptualization, Methodology, Supervision, Project
Declaration of interestsThe authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.
AcknowledgementsThe authors thank all the individuals for providing samples, the staff of Virus Isolation, National Virus Reference Laboratory for supplying plates of FRhK4 cells, and Drs. Bridget Hogg, UCD School of Veterinary Medicine and Alejandro Garcia Abner, UCD Centre for Pathogen Host Research for providing laboratory space for some of the neutralization assays.
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