Schwartz RS, Erban JK. Timing of metastasis in breast cancer. N Engl J Med. 2017;376:2486–8.

PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

Hanahan D, Weinberg RA. Hallmarks of cancer: the next generation. Cell. 2011;144:646–74.

CAS  PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

Bauer KR, Brown M, Cress RD, Parise CA, Caggiano V. Descriptive analysis of estrogen receptor (ER)-negative, progesterone receptor (PR)-negative, and HER2-negative invasive breast cancer, the so-called triple-negative phenotype: a population-based study from the California cancer Registry. Cancer. 2007;109:1721–8.

PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

Bianchini G, Balko JM, Mayer IA, Sanders ME, Gianni L. Triple-negative breast cancer: challenges and opportunities of a heterogeneous disease. Nat Rev Clin Oncol. 2016;13:674–90.

CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Article  Google Scholar 

Langley RR, Fidler IJ. The seed and soil hypothesis revisited–the role of tumor-stroma interactions in metastasis to different organs. Int J Cancer. 2011;128:2527–35.

CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Article  Google Scholar 

O’Brien K, Rani S, Corcoran C, Wallace R, Hughes L, Friel AM, et al. Exosomes from triple-negative breast cancer cells can transfer phenotypic traits representing their cells of origin to secondary cells. Eur J Cancer. 2013;49:1845–59.

PubMed  Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Hoshino A, Costa-Silva B, Shen TL, Rodrigues G, Hashimoto A, Tesic Mark M, et al. Tumour exosome integrins determine organotropic metastasis. Nature. 2015;527:329–35.

CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Article  Google Scholar 

Johnstone RM, Adam M, Hammond JR, Orr L, Turbide C. Vesicle formation during reticulocyte maturation. Association of plasma membrane activities with released vesicles (exosomes). J Biol Chem. 1987;262:9412–20.

CAS  PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

Colombo M, Raposo G, Théry C. Biogenesis, secretion, and intercellular interactions of exosomes and other extracellular vesicles. Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol. 2014;30:255–89.

CAS  PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

Schlange T, Matsuda Y, Lienhard S, Huber A, Hynes NE. Autocrine WNT signaling contributes to breast cancer cell proliferation via the canonical WNT pathway and EGFR transactivation. Breast Cancer Res. 2007;9:R63.

PubMed  PubMed Central  Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Li Y, Jin K, van Pelt GW, van Dam H, Yu X, Mesker WE, et al. c-Myb enhances breast cancer invasion and metastasis through the Wnt/β-Catenin/Axin2 pathway. Cancer Res. 2016;76:3364–75.

CAS  PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

Wang X, Jung YS, Jun S, Lee S, Wang W, Schneider A, et al. PAF-Wnt signaling-induced cell plasticity is required for maintenance of breast cancer cell stemness. Nat Commun. 2016;7:10633.

CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Article  Google Scholar 

Wellenstein MD, Coffelt SB, Duits DEM, van Miltenburg MH, Slagter M, de Rink I, et al. Loss of p53 triggers WNT-dependent systemic inflammation to drive breast cancer metastasis. Nature. 2019;572:538–42.

CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Article  Google Scholar 

Nusse R, Varmus HE. Many tumors induced by the mouse mammary tumor virus contain a provirus integrated in the same region of the host genome. Cell. 1982;31:99–109.

CAS  PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

Pohl SG, Brook N, Agostino M, Arfuso F, Kumar AP, Dharmarajan A. Wnt signaling in triple-negative breast cancer. Oncogenesis. 2017;6: e310.

CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Article  Google Scholar 

Koles K, Budnik V. Exosomes go with the Wnt. Cell Logist. 2012;2:169–73.

PubMed  PubMed Central  Article  Google Scholar 

Gross JC, Chaudhary V, Bartscherer K, Boutros M. Active Wnt proteins are secreted on exosomes. Nat Cell Biol. 2012;14:1036–45.

CAS  PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

Dexter DL, Kowalski HM, Blazar BA, Fligiel Z, Vogel R, Heppner GH. Heterogeneity of tumor cells from a single mouse mammary tumor. Cancer Res. 1978;38:3174–81.

CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Aslakson CJ, Miller FR. Selective events in the metastatic process defined by analysis of the sequential dissemination of subpopulations of a mouse mammary tumor. Cancer Res. 1992;52:1399–405.

CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Wagenblast E, Soto M, Gutiérrez-Ángel S, Hartl CA, Gable AL, Maceli AR, et al. A model of breast cancer heterogeneity reveals vascular mimicry as a driver of metastasis. Nature. 2015;520:358–62.

CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Article  Google Scholar 

Tamura M, Sugiura S, Takagi T, Satoh T, Sumaru K, Kanamori T, et al. Morphology-based optical separation of subpopulations from a heterogeneous murine breast cancer cell line. PLoS ONE. 2017;12: e0179372.

PubMed  PubMed Central  Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Lasso P, Llano Murcia M, Sandoval TA, Urueña C, Barreto A, Fiorentino S. Breast tumor cells highly resistant to drugs are controlled only by the immune response induced in an immunocompetent mouse model. Integr Cancer Ther. 2019;18:1534735419848047.

CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Article  Google Scholar 

Yoshimura T, Nakamura K, Li C, Fujisawa M, Shiina T, Imamura M, et al. Cancer cell-derived granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor is dispensable for the progression of 4T1 murine breast cancer. Int J Mol Sci. 2019;20:E6342.

PubMed  Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Sakaguchi M, Watanabe M, Kinoshita R, Kaku H, Ueki H, Futami J, et al. Dramatic increase in expression of a transgene by insertion of promoters downstream of the cargo gene. Mol Biotechnol. 2014;56:621–30.

CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Article  Google Scholar 

Mahi NA, Najafabadi MF, Pilarczyk M, Kouril M, Medvedovic M. GREIN: an interactive web platform for re-analyzing GEO RNA-seq data. Sci Rep. 2019;9:7580.

PubMed  PubMed Central  Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Lánczky A, Győrffy B. Web-based survival analysis tool tailored for medical research (KMplot): development and implementation. J Med Internet Res. 2021;23: e27633.

PubMed  PubMed Central  Article  Google Scholar 

Bielecka ZF, Maliszewska-Olejniczak K, Safir IJ, Szczylik C, Czarnecka AM. Three-dimensional cell culture model utilization in cancer stem cell research. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc. 2017;92:1505–20.

PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

Trajkovic K, Hsu C, Chiantia S, Rajendran L, Wenzel D, Wieland F, et al. Ceramide triggers budding of exosome vesicles into multivesicular endosomes. Science. 2008;319:1244–7.

CAS  PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

Ostrowski M, Carmo NB, Krumeich S, Fanget I, Raposo G, Savina A, et al. Rab27a and Rab27b control different steps of the exosome secretion pathway. Nat Cell Biol. 2010;12:19–30.

CAS  PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

Bikkavilli RK, Avasarala S, Van Scoyk M, Arcaroli J, Brzezinski C, Zhang W, et al. Wnt7a is a novel inducer of β-catenin-independent tumor-suppressive cellular senescence in lung cancer. Oncogene. 2015;34:5317–28.

CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Article  Google Scholar 

Huang X, Zhu H, Gao Z, Li J, Zhuang J, Dong Y, et al. Wnt7a activates canonical Wnt signaling, promotes bladder cancer cell invasion, and is suppressed by miR-370-3p. J Biol Chem. 2018;293:6693–706.

CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Article  Google Scholar 

Lan L, Wang W, Huang Y, Bu X, Zhao C. Roles of Wnt7a in embryo development, tissue homeostasis, and human diseases. J Cell Biochem. 2019;120:18588–98.

CAS  PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

Le Grand F, Jones AE, Seale V, Scimè A, Rudnicki MA. Wnt7a activates the planar cell polarity pathway to drive the symmetric expansion of satellite stem cells. Cell Stem Cell. 2009;4:535–47.

PubMed  PubMed Central  Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Ai P, Xu X, Xu S, Wei Z, Tan S, Li J. Overexpression of Wnt7a enhances radiosensitivity of non-small-cell lung cancer via the Wnt/JNK pathway. Biol Open. 2020;9:bio050575.

CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Article  Google Scholar 

Xie H, Ma Y, Li J, Chen H, Xie Y, Chen M, et al. WNT7A promotes EGF-induced migration of oral squamous cell carcinoma cells by activating β-catenin/MMP9-mediated signaling. Front Pharmacol. 2020;11:98.

CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Article