Dzau VJ. Circulating versus local renin-angiotensin system in cardiovascular homeostasis. Circulation. 1988;77:I4–13.

CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Uemura H, Ishiguro H, Nakaigawa N, Nagashima Y, Miyoshi Y, Fujinami K, et al. Angiotensin II receptor blocker shows antiproliferative activity in prostate cancer cells: a possibility of tyrosine kinase inhibitor of growth factor. Mol Cancer Ther. 2003;2:1139–47.

CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Chen X, Meng Q, Zhao Y, Liu M, Li D, Yang Y, et al. Angiotensin II type 1 receptor antagonists inhibit cell proliferation and angiogenesis in breast cancer. Cancer Lett. 2013;328:318–24.

CAS  PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

Egami K, Murohara T, Shimada T, Sasaki K, Shintani S, Sugaya T, et al. Role of host angiotensin II type 1 receptor in tumor angiogenesis and growth. J Clin Invest. 2003;112:67–75.

CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Article  Google Scholar 

Kinoshita J, Fushida S, Harada S, Yagi Y, Fujita H, Kinami S, et al. Local angiotensin II-generation in human gastric cancer: Correlation with tumor progression through the activation of ERK1/2, NF-kappaB and survivin. Int J Oncol. 2009;34:1573–82.

CAS  PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

Koh SL, Ager EI, Costa PL, Malcontenti-Wilson C, Muralidharan V, Christophi C. Blockade of the renin-angiotensin system inhibits growth of colorectal cancer liver metastases in the regenerating liver. Clin Exp Metastasis. 2014;31:395–405.

CAS  PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

Suganuma T, Ino K, Shibata K, Kajiyama H, Nagasaka T, Mizutani S, et al. Functional expression of the angiotensin II type 1 receptor in human ovarian carcinoma cells and its blockade therapy resulting in suppression of tumor invasion, angiogenesis, and peritoneal dissemination. Clin Cancer Res. 2005;11:2686–94.

CAS  PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

Umemura S, Arima H, Arima S, Asayama K, Dohi Y, Hirooka Y, et al. The Japanese Society of Hypertension guidelines for the management of hypertension (JSH 2019). Hypertens Res. 2019;42:1235–481.

PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

Yancy CW, Jessup M, Bozkurt B, Butler J, Casey DE Jr, Colvin MM, et al. 2017 ACC/AHA/HFSA focused update of the 2013 ACCF/AHA guideline for the management of heart failure: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice guidelines and the Heart Failure Society of America. Circulation. 2017;136:e137–e161.

PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

American Diabetes Association. Standards of medical care in diabetes—2009. Diabetes Care. 2009;32:S13–61.

PubMed Central  Article  Google Scholar 

Neo JH, Ager EI, Angus PW, Zhu J, Herath CB, Christophi C. Changes in the renin angiotensin system during the development of colorectal cancer liver metastases. BMC Cancer. 2010;10:134.

PubMed  PubMed Central  Article  Google Scholar 

Miyajima A, Kosaka T, Asano T, Asano T, Seta K, Kawai T, et al. Angiotensin II type I antagonist prevents pulmonary metastasis of murine renal cancer by inhibiting tumor angiogenesis. Cancer Res. 2002;62:4176–9.

CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Ishikane S, Hosoda H, Nojiri T, Tokudome T, Mizutani T, Miura K, et al. Angiotensin II promotes pulmonary metastasis of melanoma through the activation of adhesion molecules in vascular endothelial cells. Biochem Pharm. 2018;154:136–47.

CAS  PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

Takiguchi T, Takahashi-Yanaga F, Ishikane S, Tetsuo F, Hosoda H, Arioka M, et al. Angiotensin II promotes primary tumor growth and metastasis formation of murine TNBC 4T1 cells through the fibroblasts around cancer cells. Eur J Pharm. 2021;909:174415.

CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

Fujita M, Hayashi I, Yamashina S, Itoman M, Majima M. Blockade of angiotensin AT1a receptor signaling reduces tumor growth, angiogenesis, and metastasis. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2002;294:441–7.

CAS  PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

Neo JH, Malcontenti-Wilson C, Muralidharan V, Christophi C. Effect of ACE inhibitors and angiotensin II receptor antagonists in a mouse model of colorectal cancer liver metastases. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2007;22:577–84.

CAS  PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

Miyajima A, Kosaka T, Kikuchi E, Oya M. Renin-angiotensin system blockade: Its contribution and controversy. Int J Urol. 2015;22:721–30.

PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

Sun H, Li T, Zhuang R, Cai W, Zheng Y. Do renin-angiotensin system inhibitors influence the recurrence, metastasis, and survival in cancer patients?: Evidence from a meta-analysis including 55 studies. Medecine. 2017;96:e6394.

CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

Ishikane S, Takahashi-Yanaga F. The role of angiotensin II in cancer metastasis: Potential of renin-angiotensin system blockade as a treatment for cancer metastasis. Biochem Pharm. 2018;151:96–103.

CAS  PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

Hashemzehi M, Beheshti F, Hassanian SM, Ferns GA, Khazaei M, Avan A. Therapeutic potential of renin angiotensin system inhibitors in cancer cells metastasis. Pathol Res Pr. 2020;216:153010.

CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

Zhou Q, Chen DS, Xin L, Zhou LQ, Zhang HT, Liu L, et al. The renin-angiotensin system blockers and survival in digestive system malignancies: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Medecine. 2020;99:e19075.

Article  Google Scholar 

Tanaka N, Miyajima A, Kikuchi E, Matsumoto K, Hagiwara M, Ide H, et al. Prognonstic impact of renin-angiotensin system blockade in localised upper-tract urothelial carcinoma. Br J Cancer. 2012;106:290–6.

CAS  PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

Miyajima A, Yazawa S, Kosaka T, Tanaka N, Shirotake S, Mizuno R, et al. Prognostic impact of renin-angiotensin system blockade on renal cell carcinoma after surgery. Ann Surg Oncol. 2015;22:3751–9.

PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

Wang H, Liao Z, Zhuang Y, Liu Y, Levy LB, Xu T, et al. Incidental receipt of cardiac medications and survival outcomes among patients with stage III non-small-cell lung cancer after definitive radiotherapy. Clin Lung Cancer. 2015;16:128–36.

PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

Morris ZS, Saha S, Magnuson WJ, Morris BA, Borkenhagen JF, Ching A, et al. Increased tumor response to neoadjuvant therapy among rectal cancer patients taking angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors or angiotensin receptor blockers. Cancer. 2016;122:2487–95.

CAS  PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

Tohme S, Simmons RL, Tsung A. Surgery for cancer: a trigger for metastases. Cancer Res. 2017;77:1548–52.

CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Article  Google Scholar 

Alieva M, van Rheenen J, Broekman MLD. Potential impact of invasive surgical procedures on primary tumor growth and metastasis. Clin Exp Metastasis. 2018;35:319–31.

CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Article  Google Scholar 

Amano H, Ito Y, Ogawa F, Eshima K, Suzuki T, Oba K, et al. Angiotensin II type 1A receptor signaling facilitates tumor metastasis formation through p-selectin-mediated interaction of tumor cells with platelets and endothelial cells. Am J Pathol. 2013;182:553–64.

CAS  PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

Higashi T, Nakamura F, Shibata A, Emori Y, Nishimoto H. The national database of hospital-based cancer registries: a nationwide infrastructure to support evidence-based cancer care and cancer control policy in Japan. Jpn J Clin Oncol. 2014;44:2–8.

PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

Yamaguchi M, Inomata S, Harada S, Matsuzaki Y, Kawaguchi M, et al. Establishment of the MID‐NET® medical information database network as a reliable and valuable database for drug safety assessments in Japan. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf. 2019;28:1395–404.

PubMed  PubMed Central  Article  Google Scholar 

World Health Organization. International Classification of Diseases for Oncology. 3rd edn. https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/96612/9789241548496_eng.pdf.

Sobin L, Wittekind C. TNM Classification of Malignant Tumours (UICC). 6th edn. New York: John Wiley & Sons Inc; 2002.

Fine JP. Regression modeling of competing crude failure probabilities. Biostatistics. 2001;2:85–97.

CAS  PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

Fine JP, Gray RJ. A proportional hazards model for the subdistribution of a competing risk. J Am Stat Assoc. 1999;94:496–509.

Article  Google Scholar 

Carney K, Cousins M. Does hydrochlorothiazide increase the incidence of skin, lip and oral cancer in a UK population? Evid Based Dent. 2022;23:38–39.

PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

Kreutz R, Algharably EAH, Douros A. Reviewing the effects of thiazide and thiazide-like diuretics as photosensitizing drugs on the risk of skin cancer. J Hypertens. 2019;37:1950–8.

CAS  PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

Bendinelli B, Masala G, Garamella G, Palli D, Caini S. Do thiazide diuretics increase the risk of skin cancer? A critical review of the scientific evidence and updated meta-analysis. Curr Cardiol Rep. 2019;21:92.

PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

Sahmoun AE, Case LD, Chavour S, Kareem S, Schwartz GG. Hypertension and risk of brain metastasis from small cell lung cancer: a retrospective follow-up study. Anticancer Res. 2004;24:3115–20.

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Makino T, Izumi K, Iwamoto H, Kadomoto S, Naito R, Yaegashi H, et al. The impact of hypertension on the clinicopathological outcome and progression of renal cell carcinoma. Anticancer Res. 2020;40:4087–93.

PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

Failing JJ, Finnes HD, Kottschade LA, Allred JB, Markovic SN. Effects of commonly used chronic medications on the outcomes of ipilimumab therapy in patients with metastatic melanoma. Melanoma Res. 2016;26:609–15.

CAS  PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

Nakai Y, Isayama H, Ijichi H, Sasaki T, Sasahira N, Hirano K, et al. Inhibition of renin-angiotensin system affects prognosis of advanced pancreatic cancer receiving gemcitabine. Br J Cancer. 2010;103:1644–8.

CAS