Bjurlin, M. A. et al. Update of the standard operating procedure on the use of multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging for the diagnosis, staging and management of prostate cancer. J. Urol. 203, 706–712 (2020).

PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

Mottet, N. et al. EAU-EANM-ESTRO-ESUR-SIOG Guidelines on Prostate Cancer — 2020 update. Part 1: screening, diagnosis, and local treatment with curative intent. Eur. Urol. 79, 243–262 (2021).

CAS  PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

Mason, B. R. et al. Current status of MRI and PET in the NCCN guidelines for prostate cancer. J. Natl. Compr. Cancer Netw. 17, 506–513 (2019).

CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

NICE. Prostate cancer: diagnosis and management. NICE https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ng131 (2019).

Le Bihan, D. et al. Separation of diffusion and perfusion in intravoxel incoherent motion MR imaging. Radiology 168, 497–505 (1988).

PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

Bowden, D. & Barrett, T. Angiogenesis imaging in Neoplasia. J. Clin. Imaging Sci. 1, 38 (2011).

PubMed  PubMed Central  Article  Google Scholar 

Kasivisvanathan, V. et al. MRI-targeted or standard biopsy for prostate-cancer diagnosis. N. Engl. J. Med. 378, 1767–1777 (2018).

PubMed  PubMed Central  Article  Google Scholar 

van der Leest, M. et al. Head-to-head comparison of transrectal ultrasound-guided prostate biopsy versus multiparametric prostate resonance imaging with subsequent magnetic resonance-guided biopsy in biopsy-naïve men with elevated prostate-specific antigen: a large prospective Mu. Eur. Urol. 75, 570–578 (2019).

PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

Ahmed, H. U. et al. Diagnostic accuracy of multi-parametric MRI and TRUS biopsy in prostate cancer (PROMIS): a paired validating confirmatory study. Lancet 389, 815–822 (2017).

PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

Rouvière, O. et al. Use of prostate systematic and targeted biopsy on the basis of multiparametric MRI in biopsy-naive patients (MRI-FIRST): a prospective, multicentre, paired diagnostic study. Lancet Oncol. 20, 100–109 (2019).

PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

Turkbey, B. et al. Prostate imaging reporting and data system version 2.1: 2019 update of prostate imaging reporting and data system version 2. Eur. Urol. 76, 340–351 (2019).

PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

Venderink, W. et al. Multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging for the detection of clinically significant prostate cancer: what urologists need to know. Part 3: targeted biopsy. Eur. Urol. 77, 481–490 (2020).

PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

Padhani, A. R. et al. PI-RADS steering committee: the PI-RADS multiparametric MRI and MRI-directed biopsy pathway. Radiology 292, 464–474 (2019).

PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

Schoots, I. G. & Padhani, A. R. Risk-adapted biopsy decision based on prostate magnetic resonance imaging and prostate-specific antigen density for enhanced biopsy avoidance in first prostate cancer diagnostic evaluation. BJU Int. 127, 175–178 (2021).

PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

Sathianathen, N. J. et al. Negative predictive value of multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging in the detection of clinically significant prostate cancer in the prostate imaging reporting and data system era: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur. Urol. 78, 402–414 (2020).

PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

Park, K. J., Choi, S. H., Kim, M. H., Kim, J. K. & Jeong, I. G. Performance of prostate imaging reporting and data system version 2.1 for diagnosis of prostate cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 54, 103–112 (2021).

PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

Westphalen, A. C. et al. Variability of the positive predictive value of PI-RADS for prostate MRI across 26 centers: experience of the society of abdominal radiology prostate cancer disease-focused panel. Radiology 296, 76–84 (2020).

PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

Radtke, J. P. et al. Multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and MRI–transrectal ultrasound fusion biopsy for index tumor detection: correlation with radical prostatectomy specimen. Eur. Urol. 70, 846–853 (2016).

PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

Tan, N. et al. Characteristics of detected and missed prostate cancer foci on 3-T multiparametric MRI using an endorectal coil correlated with whole-mount thin-section histopathology. Am. J. Roentgenol. 205, W87–W92 (2015).

Article  Google Scholar 

Langer, D. L. et al. Intermixed normal tissue within prostate cancer: effect on MR imaging measurements of apparent diffusion coefficient and T2-sparse versus dense cancers. Radiology 249, 900–908 (2008).

PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

Serrao, E. M. et al. Investigating the ability of multiparametric MRI to exclude significant prostate cancer prior to transperineal biopsy. J. Can. Urol. Assoc. 9, E853–E858 (2015).

Article  Google Scholar 

Salami, S. S. et al. Biologic significance of magnetic resonance imaging invisibility in localized prostate cancer. JCO Precis. Oncol. https://doi.org/10.1200/po.19.00054 (2019).

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Esses, S. J., Taneja, S. S. & Rosenkrantz, A. B. Imaging facilities’ adherence to PI-RADS v2 minimum technical standards for the performance of prostate MRI. Acad. Radiol. 25, 188–195 (2018).

PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

Burn, P. R. et al. A multicentre assessment of prostate MRI quality and compliance with UK and international standards. Clin. Radiol. 74, 894.e19–894.e25 (2019).

CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

Rouvière, O., Souchon, R. & Melodelima, C. Pitfalls in interpreting positive and negative predictive values: application to prostate multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging. Diagn. Interv. Imaging 99, 515–518 (2018).

PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

Barentsz, J. O. et al. ESUR prostate MR guidelines 2012. Eur. Radiol. 22, 746–757 (2012).

PubMed  PubMed Central  Article  Google Scholar 

Weinreb, J. C. et al. PI-RADS prostate imaging — reporting and data system: 2015, version 2. Eur. Urol. 69, 16–40 (2016).

PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

Sackett, J. et al. Quality of prostate MRI: is the PI-RADS standard sufficient? Acad. Radiol. 28, 199–207 (2021).

PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

van der Leest, M., Israël, B., Engels, R. R. M. & Barentsz, J. O. Reply to Arnaldo Stanzione, Massimo Imbriaco, and Renato Cuocolo’s Letter to the Editor re: Marloes van der Leest, Bas Israël, Eric Bastiaan Cornel, et al. High diagnostic performance of short magnetic resonance imaging protocols for prostate cancer detection in biopsy-naïve men: the next step in magnetic resonance imaging accessibility. Eur. Urol. 2019;76:574-81. Are we meeting our standards? Stringent prostate imaging reporting and data system acquisition requirements might be limiting prostate accessibility. Eur. Urol. 77, e58–e59 (2020).

PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

Stabile, A. et al. Factors influencing variability in the performance of multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging in detecting clinically significant prostate cancer: a systematic literature review. Eur. Urol. Oncol. 3, 145–167 (2020).

PubMed  PubMed Central  Article  Google Scholar 

Akin, O. et al. Interactive dedicated training curriculum improves accuracy in the interpretation of MR imaging of prostate cancer. Eur. Radiol. 20, 995–1002 (2010).

PubMed  PubMed Central  Article  Google Scholar 

Gaziev, G. et al. Defining the learning curve for multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the prostate using MRI-transrectal ultrasonography (TRUS) fusion-guided transperineal prostate biopsies as a validation tool. BJU Int. 117, 80–86 (2016).

PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

Stolk, T. T. et al. False positives in PIRADS (V2) 3, 4, and 5 lesions: relationship with reader experience and zonal location. Abdom. Radiol. 44, 1044–1051 (2019).

Article  Google Scholar 

Hansen, N. L. et al. Comparison of initial and tertiary centre second opinion reads of multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging of the prostate prior to repeat biopsy. Eur. Radiol. 27, 2259–2266 (2017).

PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

Wibmer, A. et al. Diagnosis of extracapsular extension of prostate cancer on prostate MRI: Impact of second-opinion readings by subspecialized genitourinary oncologic radiologists. Am. J. Roentgenol. 205, W73–W78 (2015).

Article  Google Scholar 

Ecke, T. H. et al. Comparison of initial and second opinion reads of multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging of the prostate for transperineal template-guided biopsies with MRI-Ultrasound fusion. Urol. Oncol. Semin. Orig. Investig. 39, 781.e1–781.e7 (2021).

Google Scholar 

de Rooij, M. et al. ESUR/ESUI consensus statements on multi-parametric MRI for the detection of clinically significant prostate cancer: quality requirements for image acquisition, interpretation and radiologists’ training. Eur. Radiol. 30, 5404–5416 (2020).

PubMed  PubMed Central  Article  Google Scholar 

Barrett, T. et al. Certification in reporting multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging of the prostate: recommendations of a UK consensus meeting. BJU Int. 127, 304–306 (2021).

PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

Sung, H. et al. Global cancer statistics 2020: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries. CA Cancer J. Clin. 71, 209–249 (2021).

PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

NHS. Cancer referral to treatment period start date. NHS https://www.datadictionary.nhs.uk/data_elements/cancer_referral_to_treatment_period_start_date.html (2022).

Redaniel, M. T., Martin, R. M., Gillatt, D., Wade, J. & Jeffreys, M. Time from diagnosis to surgery and prostate cancer survival: a retrospective cohort study. BMC Cancer 13, 559 (2013).

PubMed  PubMed Central  Article  Google Scholar 

Panebianco, V. et al. Clinical utility of multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging as the first-line tool for men with high clinical suspicion of prostate cancer. Eur. Urol. Oncol. 1, 208–214 (2018).

PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

van der Leest, M. et al. High diagnostic performance of short magnetic resonance imaging protocols for prostate cancer detection in biopsy-naïve men: the next step in magnetic resonance imaging accessibility. Eur. Urol. 76, 574–581 (2019).

PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

Kuhl, C. K. et al. Abbreviated biparametric prostate MR imaging in men with elevated prostate-specific antigen. Radiology 285, 493–505 (2017).

PubMed