ER stress in cardiac aging, a current view on the D-galactose model

[Ca2+]int

calcium intracellular

AGEs

advanced glycation end products

Akt/GSK-3β

protein kinase B/glycogen synthase kinase-3β

ATF3

activating transcription factor 3

ATF6

activating transcription factor 6

BiP

immunoglobulin binding protein

CHOP

C/EBP homologous protein

COX1

cytochrome c oxidase 1

CVD

cardiovascular disease

Drp1

dynamin-related protein 1

GALT

galactose-1-phosphate uridyltransferase

Grp78

glucose-related protein 78

GST

glutathione S-transferase

HFpEF

heart failure with preserved ejection fraction

IRE-1

inositol-requiring enzyme-1

LC3

microtubule-associated protein light chain 3

LVESD

left ventricular end-systolic diameter

LVPWD

end-diastolic left ventricular posterior wall

MAMs

mitochondria-associated membranes

MCP-1

monocyte chemoattractant protein-1

MERCs

mitochondria-ER contact sites

NF-kB

nuclear factor kappa B

Nrf2/ARE

nuclear factor E2-related factor 2/Antioxidant response element

PGC-1α

peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-C coactivator-1α

ROS

reactive oxygen species

SA-β-gal

senescence-associated β-galactosidase

SASP

senescence-associated secretory phenotype

SERCA

SR calcium transport ATPase

SR

sarcoendoplasmic reticulum

sXBP1

spliced x-box-binding protein 1

TFAM

transcription factor A mitochondrial

TNF-α

tumor necrosis factor-alpha

TOMM20

translocase of outer mitochondrial membrane 20

UPR

unfolded protein response

VDAC

voltage-dependent anionic channel

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