From the *Departments of Anesthesiology, and Cardiac Surgery, Smidt Heart Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California

†Department of Intensive Care, The Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia

‡Service de Médecine Intensive—Réanimation, Institut de Cardiologie, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Sorbonne Université, INSERM-UMRS 1166, iCAN Institute of Cardiometabolism/Nutrition, Paris, France

§US Department of Health and Human Services, Washington, DC

∥Banner University Medical Center, Phoenix, Arizona

¶Clinical Transformation, Nuvance Health, Danbury, Connecticut

#Harvard Business School, Boston, Massachusetts.

Accepted for publication March 30, 2022.

Funding: Partially funded by a grant from the Extracorporeal Life Support Organization (ELSO). ELSO had no role in any aspect of this study. The corresponding author had full access to all of the data in the study and had final responsibility for the decision to submit for publication.

Conflicts of Interest: See Disclosures at the end of the article.

Supplemental digital content is available for this article. Direct URL citations appear in the printed text and are provided in the HTML and PDF versions of this article on the journal’s website.

IRB approval: The Cedars-Sinai Institutional Review Board determined that this work did not constitute human research (archive number Pro00042018) and, therefore, waived the need for approval.

Reprints will not be available from the authors.

Availability of data and materials: The datasets generated and/or analyzed during the current study are not publicly available as they include proprietary financial information from each institution. Nonproprietary data requests will be reviewed by the Office of Research Administration at Cedars-Sinai Medical Center.

Address correspondence to Michael Nurok, MBChB, PhD, Smidt Heart Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 127 San Vicente Blvd, Suite 3100, Los Angeles, CA 90048. Address e-mail to [email protected].