Available online 24 September 2022
AbstractObjectiveThis aim of the study was to explore the effectiveness of an online trauma-informed yoga program to increase positive mental health and reduce stress in the general population.
DesignThis was a mixed-methods prospective intervention study with an active traumainformed yoga group and a wait-listed control group.
MethodsThirty participants were recruited from an organisation based in the United Kingdom.The active intervention was a once weekly pre-recorded TIY video class (approximately one-hour) for 10 weeks. The control group were wait-listed. The primary outcome was a comparison between the active and control groups postintervention on the positive mental health scale. Secondary outcomes were the difference between groups over various related scales. ANCOVA was used in the analysis to respectively control for baseline levels of the outcomes.
ResultsA non-significant increase in PMH ( b = 2.44, p = 0.16), mindfulness ( b = 6.35, p = 0.07) and resilience ( b = 4.08, p = 0.15 and a significant increase in selfcompassion ( b = 2.53, p = 0.04) were demonstrated, while perceived stress increased non-significantly ( b = 1.51, p = 0.56) and empowerment was reduced non-significantly ( b = -0.25, p = 0.29) for the active group compared with controls.
ConclusionsConsistent trends over multiple outcomes demonstrated positive effects of TIY on PMH, mindfulness, resilience, and a significant improvement in self-compassion. Limitations of a small study include an increased risk of failing to reject the null hypothesis when it is false. A larger trial is warranted to demonstrate the effects of TIY more conclusively in positive mental health.
Section snippetsBackgroundStress is defined as an experience resulting from a real or imaginary threat [1]. It can impact an individual’s mental [2], cognitive [3], physical [4] and moral [5] health via numerous physiological reactions. Stress is associated with major causes of death: cardiovascular disease [6], cancer [7], lung disease [8], [9], accidents [10], cirrhosis [11] and suicide [12]. Research has demonstrated causal associations with other chronic disease processes including autoimmune diseases [13], [14],
Research DesignThe study was designed as a mixed-methods prospective intervention study with two parallel groups: an active TIY group and a control group, which was a wait-listed group.
Study protocolStudy participants were emailed a link to an online survey, hosted in Qualtrics (qualtrics.com), pre-and-post the 10-week TIY program. As this study coincided with the COVID-19 pandemic, study participants in the active group were also required to access a website that had been created to enable weekly pre-recorded videos of
Participant characteristicsThirty participants (22 females; 8 males) were randomly allocated into a wait-listed control and an active group. The flow of participants through the study is shown in Fig. 1. The mean age for participants in the wait-listed control group was 47 years (M= 47.0; SD= 9.4) and for the active group was 48.2 years (M = 48.2; SD = 8.8). There was a lower proportion of males compared to females within both groups: the wait-listed control group consisted of 33.3% males and 66.7% females; the active
DiscussionThe results from this pilot study demonstrate consistent data trends for the impact of TIY on PMH, mindfulness, and resilience. A significant difference between the groups was demonstrated for self-compassion. There were no such data trends observed in stress and empowerment. These preliminary findings contribute towards our understanding of TIY and its effect on PMH, mindfulness, resilience, and self-compassion.
The results of the study suggest that TIY may help build self-compassion skills.
ConclusionsThis prospective intervention study has demonstrated the potential for a 10-week TIY program for improving self-compassion in general populations who are experiencing work and personal life stress. There were also consistent trends over multiple outcomes for a positive effect of TIY on PMH, mindfulness and resilience. A larger trial is now required to conclusively demonstrate these consistent data trends.
Ethical Statement for Solid State IonicsHereby, I TRACEY MULVIHILL consciously assure that for the manuscript TRAUMA-INFORMED YOGA (ONLINE) FOR POSITIVE MENTAL HEALTH: A PILOT STUDY the following is fulfilled:
1)This material is the authors' own original work, which has not been previously published elsewhere.
2)The paper is not currently being considered for publication elsewhere.
3)The paper reflects the authors' own research and analysis in a truthful and complete manner.
4)The paper properly credits the meaningful contributions of co-authors
FundingThis research did not receive any grant from funding agencies in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors.
CRediT authorship contribution statementTracey Mulvihill: conceptualisation, formal analysis, investigation, writing - original draft and visualisation, Sandra Grace: conceptualisation, formal analysis, supervision, writing –reviewing and editing, supervision, Joanne Bradbury: conceptualisation, formal analysis, supervision, writing – reviewing and editing, supervision, Frances Doran: conceptualisation, formal analysis, supervision, writing – reviewing and editing, supervision.
Authors noteThe authors have no conflicts of interest.
Uncited references[58], [68], [73], [74]
Declaration of Competing InterestThe authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.
AcknowledgementsAll authors are thankful to the individuals who enrolled in the study.
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