Bowser M, Herberg S, Arounleut P, Shi X, Fulzele S, Hill WD, et al. Effects of the activin A-myostatin-follistatin system on aging bone and muscle progenitor cells. Exp Gerontol. 2013;48(2):290–7.

CAS  PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

Lang T, Streeper T, Cawthon P, Baldwin K, Taaffe DR, Harris TB. Sarcopenia: etiology, clinical consequences, intervention, and assessment. Osteoporos Int. 2010;21(4):543–59.

CAS  PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

Fan J, Kou X, Yang Y, Chen N. MicroRNA-Regulated Proinflammatory Cytokines in Sarcopenia. Mediators Inflamm. 2016;2016:1438686.

PubMed  PubMed Central  Article  Google Scholar 

Lee SJ, McPherron AC. Regulation of myostatin activity and muscle growth. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2001;98(16):9306–11.

CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Article  Google Scholar 

Park HS, Kim HC, Zhang D, Yeom H, Lim SK. The novel myokine irisin: clinical implications and potential role as a biomarker for sarcopenia in postmenopausal women. Endocrine. 2019;64(2):341–8.

CAS  PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

Lee JH, Jun H-S. Role of myokines in regulating skeletal muscle mass and function. Front Physiol. 2019;10(42):1–9.

Google Scholar 

Yarasheski KE, Bhasin S, Sinha-Hikim I, Pak-Loduca J, Gonzalez-Cadavid NF. Serum myostatin-immunoreactive protein is increased in 60–92 year old women and men with muscle wasting. J Nutr Health Aging. 2002;6(5):343–8.

CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Baig MH, Ahmad K, Moon JS, Park SY, Ho Lim J, Chun HJ, et al. Myostatin and its Regulation: A Comprehensive Review of Myostatin Inhibiting Strategies. Front Physiol. 2022;13:876078.

PubMed  PubMed Central  Article  Google Scholar 

Elkina Y, von Haehling S, Anker SD, Springer J. The role of myostatin in muscle wasting: an overview. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle. 2011;2(3):143–51.

PubMed  PubMed Central  Article  Google Scholar 

Gilson H, Schakman O, Kalista S, Lause P, Tsuchida K, Thissen JP. Follistatin induces muscle hypertrophy through satellite cell proliferation and inhibition of both myostatin and activin. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 2009;297(1):E157–64.

CAS  PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

Gutierrez-Salmean G, Ciaraldi TP, Nogueira L, Barboza J, Taub PR, Hogan MC, et al. Effects of (-)-epicatechin on molecular modulators of skeletal muscle growth and differentiation. J Nutr Biochem. 2014;25(1):91–4.

CAS  PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

Rodgers BD, Garikipati DK. Clinical, agricultural, and evolutionary biology of myostatin: a comparative review. Endocr Rev. 2008;29(5):513–34.

CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Article  Google Scholar 

Kurdiova T, Balaz M, Vician M, Maderova D, Vlcek M, Valkovic L, et al. Effects of obesity, diabetes and exercise on Fndc5 gene expression and irisin release in human skeletal muscle and adipose tissue: in vivo and in vitro studies. J Physiol. 2014;592(5):1091–107.

CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Article  Google Scholar 

Huh JY, Mougios V, Kabasakalis A, Fatouros I, Siopi A, Douroudos II, et al. Exercise-induced irisin secretion is independent of age or fitness level and increased irisin may directly modulate muscle metabolism through AMPK activation. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2014;99(11):E2154–61.

CAS  PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

Vamvini MT, Aronis KN, Panagiotou G, Huh JY, Chamberland JP, Brinkoetter MT, et al. Irisin mRNA and circulating levels in relation to other myokines in healthy and morbidly obese humans. Eur J Endocrinol. 2013;169(6):829–34.

CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Article  Google Scholar 

Kwon JH, Moon KM, Min KW. Exercise-induced myokines can explain the importance of physical activity in the elderly: an overview. Healthcare (Basel). 2020;8(4).

Santana JC. Functional Training: Human Kinetics. 2015.

Google Scholar 

Boyle M. New functional training for sports. Human Kinetics; 2016.

de Resende-Neto AG, Oliveira Andrade BC, Cyrino ES, Behm DG, De-Santana JM, Da Silva-Grigoletto ME. Effects of functional and traditional training in body composition and muscle strength components in older women: A randomized controlled trial. Arch Gerontol Geriatr. 2019;84:103902.

PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

Liu C-J, Shiroy DM, Jones LY, Clark DO. Systematic review of functional training on muscle strength, physical functioning, and activities of daily living in older adults. European RevAging Physical Act. 2014;11(2):95–106.

Article  Google Scholar 

Bagheri R, Rashidlamir A, Motevalli MS, Elliott BT, Mehrabani J, Wong A. Effects of upper-body, lower-body, or combined resistance training on the ratio of follistatin and myostatin in middle-aged men. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2019;119(9):1921–31.

CAS  PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

Allen DL, Hittel DS, McPherron AC. Expression and function of myostatin in obesity, diabetes, and exercise adaptation. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2011;43(10):1828–35.

CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Article  Google Scholar 

Kim HJ, So B, Choi M, Kang D, Song W. Resistance exercise training increases the expression of irisin concomitant with improvement of muscle function in aging mice and humans. Exp Gerontol. 2015;70:11–7.

CAS  PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

Ozaki H, Loenneke JP, Buckner SL, Abe T. Muscle growth across a variety of exercise modalities and intensities: contributions of mechanical and metabolic stimuli. Med Hypotheses. 2016;88:22–6.

PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

Sillen MJ, Franssen FM, Vaes AW, Delbressine JM, Wouters EF, Spruit MA. Metabolic load during strength training or NMES in individuals with COPD: results from the DICES trial. BMC Pulm Med. 2014;14:146.

PubMed  PubMed Central  Article  Google Scholar 

Alizadeh PH. Exercise Therapy for People With Sarcopenic Obesity: Myokines and Adipokines as Effective Actors. Front Endocrinol. 2022;13:811751.

Article  Google Scholar 

Jessee MB, Mattocks KT, Buckner SL, Dankel SJ, Mouser JG, Abe T, et al. Mechanisms of blood flow restriction: the new testament. Techniques Orthop. 2018;33(2):72–9.

Article  Google Scholar 

Amani-Shalamzari S, Sarikhani A, Paton C, Rajabi H, Bayati M, Nikolaidis PT, et al. Occlusion Training During Specific Futsal Training Improves Aspects of Physiological and Physical Performance. J Sports Sci Med. 2020;19(2):374–82.

PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Yinghao L, Jing Y, Yongqi W, Jianming Z, Zeng G, Yiting T, et al. Effects of a blood flow restriction exercise under different pressures on testosterone, growth hormone, and insulin-like growth factor levels. J Int Med Res. 2021;49(9):3000605211039564.

PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

Loenneke JP, Allen KM, Mouser JG, Thiebaud RS, Kim D, Abe T, et al. Blood flow restriction in the upper and lower limbs is predicted by limb circumference and systolic blood pressure. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2015;115(2):397–405.

PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

Dankel SJ, Loenneke JP. Effect sizes for paired data should use the change score variability rather than the pre-test variability. J Strength Cond Res. 2021;35(6):1773–8.

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Stenger L. What is functional/neuromotor fitness? ACSM’s Health & Fitness Journal. 2018;22(6):35–43.

Article  Google Scholar 

Bickel CS, Cross JM, Bamman MM. Exercise dosing to retain resistance training adaptations in young and older adults. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2011;43(7):1177–87.

PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

Mero AA, Hulmi JJ, Salmijärvi H, Katajavuori M, Haverinen M, Holviala J, et al. Resistance training induced increase in muscle fiber size in young and older men. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2013;113(3):641–50.

CAS  PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

Pearson SJ, Hussain SR. A review on the mechanisms of blood-flow restriction resistance training-induced muscle hypertrophy. Sports Med (Auckland, NZ). 2015;45(2):187–200.

Article  Google Scholar 

Loenneke JP, Fahs CA, Rossow LM, Abe T, Bemben MG. The anabolic benefits of venous blood flow restriction training may be induced by muscle cell swelling. Med Hypotheses. 2012;78(1):151–4.

CAS  PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

Lopes KG, Bottino DA, Farinatti P, de Souza M, Maranhão PA, de Araujo CMS, et al. Strength training with blood flow restriction - a novel therapeutic approach for older adults with sarcopenia? A case report. Clin Interv Aging. 2019;14:1461–9.

PubMed  PubMed Central  Article  Google Scholar 

Fife E, Kostka J, Kroc Ł, Guligowska A, Pigłowska M, Sołtysik B, et al. Relationship of muscle function to circulating myostatin, follistatin and GDF11 in older women and men. BMC Geriatr. 2018;18(1):200.

PubMed  PubMed Central  Article  Google Scholar 

Laurentino GC, Ugrinowitsch C, Roschel H, Aoki MS, Soares AG, Neves M Jr, et al. Strength training with blood flow restriction diminishes myostatin gene expression. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2012;44(3):406–12.

CAS  PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

Santos AR, Lamas L, Ugrinowitsch C, Tricoli V, Miyabara EH, Soares AG, et al. Different resistance-training regimens evoked a similar increase in myostatin inhibitors expression. Int J Sports Med. 2015;36(9):761–8.

CAS  PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

Tortoriello DV, Sidis Y, Holtzman DA, Holmes WE, Schneyer AL. Human follistatin-related protein: a structural homologue of follistatin with nuclear localization. Endocrinology. 2001;142(8):3426–34.

CAS  PubMed  Article  Google Scholar