Fracture Risk in Vegetarians and Vegans: the Role of Diet and Metabolic Factors

Milfont TL, Satherley N, Osborne D, Wilson MS, Sibley CG. To meat, or not to meat: a longitudinal investigation of transitioning to and from plant-based diets. Appetite. 2021;166:105584.

PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

Agrawal S, Millett CJ, Dhillon PK, Subramanian SV, Ebrahim S. Type of vegetarian diet, obesity and diabetes in adult Indian population. Nutr J. 2014;13:89.

PubMed  PubMed Central  Article  Google Scholar 

Le LT, Sabate J. Beyond meatless, the health effects of vegan diets: findings from the Adventist cohorts. Nutrients. 2014;6(6):2131–47.

PubMed  PubMed Central  Article  Google Scholar 

Qian F, Liu G, Hu FB, Bhupathiraju SN, Sun Q. Association between plant-based dietary patterns and risk of type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA Intern Med. 2019;179(10):1335–44.

PubMed  PubMed Central  Article  Google Scholar 

Kim H, Caulfield LE, Garcia-Larsen V, Steffen LM, Coresh J, Rebholz CM. Plant-based diets are associated with a lower risk of incident cardiovascular disease, cardiovascular disease mortality, and all-cause mortality in a general population of middle-aged adults. J Am Heart Assoc. 2019;8(16):e012865.

CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Article  Google Scholar 

Orlich MJ, Singh PN, Sabaté J, Jaceldo-Siegl K, Fan J, Knutsen S, Beeson WL, Fraser GE. Vegetarian dietary patterns and mortality in Adventist Health Study 2. JAMA Intern Med. 2013;173(13):1230–8.

CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Article  Google Scholar 

Appleby PN, Davey GK, Key TJ. Hypertension and blood pressure among meat eaters, fish eaters, vegetarians and vegans in EPIC-Oxford. Public Health Nutr. 2002;5(5):645–54.

PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

Schüpbach R, Wegmüller R, Berguerand C, Bui M, Herter-Aeberli I. Low CA & vitD in vegan...Micronutrient status and intake in omnivores, vegetarians and vegans in Switzerland. Eur J Nutr. 2017;56(1):283–93.

PubMed  Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Ho-Pham LT, Vu BQ, Lai TQ, Nguyen ND, Nguyen TV. Low VitD in vegans only...Vegetarianism, bone loss, fracture and vitamin D: a longitudinal study in Asian vegans and non-vegans. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2012;66(1):75–82.

CAS  PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

Outila TA, Kärkkäinen MUM, Seppänen RH, Lamberg-Allardt CJE. Dietary intake of vitamin D in premenopausal, healthy vegans was insufficient to maintain concentrations of serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D and intact parathyroid hormone within normal ranges during the winter in Finland. J Am Diet Assoc. 2000;100(4):434-441.

Chiu JF, Lan SJ, Yang CY, Wang PW, Yao WJ, Su IH, Hsieh CC. Low CA in vegetarian..Long-term vegetarian diet and bone mineral density in postmenopausal Taiwanese women. Calcif Tissue Int. 1997;60(3):245–9.

CAS  PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, U.S. Department of Agriculture. 2020 – 2025 Dietary Guidelines for Americans. 9th ed; 2020.

Ahmed LA, Schirmer H, Bjørnerem A, Emaus N, Jørgensen L, Størmer J, Joakimsen RM. The gender- and age-specific 10-year and lifetime absolute fracture risk in Tromsø, Norway. Eur J Epidemiol. 2009;24(8):441–8.

PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

Iguacel I, Miguel-Berges ML, Gomez-Bruton A, Moreno LA, Julian C. Veganism, vegetarianism, bone mineral density, and fracture risk: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Nutr Rev. 2019;77(1):1-18. This systematic review and meta-analysis is a comprehensive review of studies until the end of 2017 reporting lower BMD in vegetarians and vegans but only an increased fracture risk in vegans.

Appleby P, Roddam A, Allen N, Key T. Comparative fracture risk in vegetarians and nonvegetarians in EPIC-Oxford. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2007;61(12):1400–6.

CAS  PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

Lousuebsakul-Matthews V, Thorpe DL, Knutsen R, Beeson WL, Fraser GE, Knutsen SF. Legumes and meat analogues consumption are associated with hip fracture risk independently of meat intake among Caucasian men and women: the Adventist Health Study-2. Public Health Nutr. 2014;17(10):2333-43. This study showed that although vegans have increased risk for fracture compared to those who eat meat, hip fracture risk is attenuated 40-64% with increased protein intake from either plant or animal sources.

Thorpe DL, Beeson WL, Knutsen R, Fraser GE, Knutsen SF. Dietary patterns and hip fracture in the Adventist Health Study 2: combined vitamin D and calcium supplementation mitigate increased hip fracture risk among vegans. Am J Clin Nutr. 2021;114(2):488–95.

PubMed  PubMed Central  Article  Google Scholar 

Thorpe DL, Knutsen SF, Beeson WL, Rajaram S, Fraser GE. Effects of meat consumption and vegetarian diet on risk of wrist fracture over 25 years in a cohort of peri- and postmenopausal women. Public Health Nutr. 2008;11(6):564–72.

PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

Tong TYN, Appleby PN, Armstrong MEG, Fensom GK, Knuppel A, Papier K, et al. Vegetarian and vegan diets and risks of total and site-specific fractures: results from the prospective EPIC-Oxford study. BMC Med. 2020;18(1):353. This large-scale study indicated a higher fracture risk at multiple bone sites (hip, leg, spine) in vegans even when controlling for covariates like lower BMI and nutrients known to affect bone health (i.e. calcium and protein).

Ho-Pham LT, Vu BQ, Lai TQ, Nguyen ND, Nguyen TV. Vegetarianism, bone loss, fracture and vitamin D: a longitudinal study in Asian vegans and non-vegans. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2012;66(1):75–82.

CAS  PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

Dash N, Kushwaha A. Stress fractures-a prospective study amongst recruits. Med J Armed Forces India. 2012;68(2):118–22.

PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

Webster J, Greenwood DC, Cade JE. Risk of hip fracture in meat-eaters, pescatarians, and vegetarians: results from the UK Women’s Cohort Study. BMC Med. 2022;20(1):275.

PubMed  PubMed Central  Article  Google Scholar 

Key TJ, Davey GK, Appleby PN. Health benefits of a vegetarian diet. Proc Nutr Soc. 1999;58(2):271–5.

CAS  PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

Spencer EA, Appleby PN, Davey GK, Key TJ. Diet and body mass index in 38000 EPIC-Oxford meat-eaters, fish-eaters, vegetarians and vegans. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 2003;27(6):728–34.

CAS  PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

Toohey ML, Harris MA, DeWitt W, Foster G, Schmidt WD, Melby CL. Cardiovascular disease risk factors are lower in African-American vegans compared to lacto-ovo-vegetarians. J Am Coll Nutr. 1998;17(5):425–34.

CAS  PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

Bakaloudi DR, Halloran A, Rippin HL, Oikonomidou AC, Dardavesis TI, Williams J, Wickramasinghe K, Breda J, Chourdakis M. Intake and adequacy of the vegan diet. A systematic review of the evidence. Clin Nutr. 2021;40(5):3503–21.

CAS  PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

Menzel J, Abraham K, Stangl GI, Ueland PM, Obeid R, Schulze MB, et al. Vegan diet and bone health-results from the cross-sectional RBVD study. Nutrients. 2021;13(2).

Balogun S, Winzenberg T, Wills K, Scott D, Jones G, Aitken D, Callisaya ML. Prospective associations of low muscle mass and function with 10-year falls risk, incident fracture and mortality in community-dwelling older adults. J Nutr Health Aging. 2017;21(7):843–8.

CAS  PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

Veronese N, Reginster JY. The effects of calorie restriction, intermittent fasting and vegetarian diets on bone health. Aging Clin Exp Res. 2019;31(6):753–8.

PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

Galchenko A, Gapparova K, Sidorova E. The influence of vegetarian and vegan diets on the state of bone mineral density in humans. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr. 2021:1–17.

Ho-Pham LT, Nguyen ND, Nguyen TV. Effect of vegetarian diets on bone mineral density: a Bayesian meta-analysis. Am J Clin Nutr. 2009;90(4):943–50.

CAS  PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

Li T, Li Y, Wu S. Comparison of human bone mineral densities in subjects on plant-based and omnivorous diets: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Arch Osteoporos. 2021;16(1):95. This is an important systematic review and meta-analysis using 17 cross-sectional studies showing that vegans or vegetarians compared to omnivores have lower bone mineral density (BMD) at the lumbar spine, femoral neck, and whole-body.

Wakolbinger-Habel R, Reinweber M, König J, Pokan R, König D, Pietschmann P, Muschitz C. Self-reported resistance training is associated with better HR-pQCT derived bone microarchitecture in vegan people. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2022.

Hansen TH, Madsen MTB, Jørgensen NR, Cohen AS, Hansen T, Vestergaard H, Pedersen O, Allin KH. Bone turnover, calcium homeostasis, and vitamin D status in Danish vegans. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2018;72(7):1046–54.

CAS  PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

Herrmann W, Obeid R, Schorr H, Hübner U, Geisel J, Sand-Hill M, Ali N, Herrmann M. Enhanced bone metabolism in vegetarians--the role of vitamin B12 deficiency. Clin Chem Lab Med. 2009;47(11):1381–7.

CAS  PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

Kohlenberg-Mueller K, Raschka L. Calcium balance in young adults on a vegan and lactovegetarian diet. J Bone Miner Metab. 2003;21(1):28–33.

CAS  PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

Desmond MA, Sobiecki JG, Jaworski M, Pludowski P, Antoniewicz J, Shirley MK, et al. Growth, body composition, and cardiovascular and nutritional risk of 5- to 10-y-old children consuming vegetarian, vegan, or omnivore diets. Am J Clin Nutr. 2021;113(6):1565–77.

PubMed  PubMed Central  Article  Google Scholar 

Appleby PN, Key TJ. The long-term health of vegetarians and vegans. Proc Nutr Soc. 2016;75(3):287–93.

PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

Shapses SA. Do we need to be concerned about bone mineral density in vegetarians and vegans? J Nutr. 2020;150(5):983–4.

PubMed  PubMed Central  Article  Google Scholar 

Karavasiloglou N, Selinger E, Gojda J, Rohrmann S, Kühn T. Differences in bone mineral density between adult vegetarians and nonvegetarians become marginal when accounting for differences in anthropometric factors. J Nutr. 2020;150(5):1266-71. This study highlights the importance of accounting for anthropometric factors, such as BMI, when investigating differences in bone mineral density between plant-based and omnivore diets.

Lynch HM, Wharton CM, Johnston CS. Cardiorespiratory fitness and peak torque differences between Vegetarian and Omnivore Endurance Athletes: a cross-sectional study. Nutrients. 2016;8(11).

Armstrong ME, Spencer EA, Cairns BJ, Banks E, Pirie K, Green J, et al. Body mass index and physical activity in relation to the incidence of hip fracture in postmenopausal women. J Bone Miner Res. 2011;26(6):1330–8.

PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

Tong TY, Key TJ, Sobiecki JG, Bradbury KE. Anthropometric and physiologic characteristics in white and British Indian vegetarians and nonvegetarians in the UK Biobank. Am J Clin Nutr. 2018;107(6):909–20.

PubMed  PubMed Central  Article  Google Scholar 

Ho-Pham LT, Nguyen PL, Le TT, Doan TA, Tran NT, Le TA, et al. Veganism, bone mineral density, and body composition: a study in Buddhist nuns. Osteoporos Int. 2009;20(12):2087–93.

CAS  PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

Clarys P, Deliens T, Huybrechts I, Deriemaeker P, Vanaelst B, De Keyzer W, et al. Comparison of nutritional quality of the vegan, vegetarian, semi-vegetarian, pesco-vegetarian and omnivorous diet. Nutrients. 2014;6(3):1318–32.

PubMed  PubMed Central  Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Ma Y, Pagoto SL, Griffith JA, Merriam PA, Ockene IS, Hafner AR, OlendzkI BC. A dietary quality comparison of popular weight-loss plans. J Am Diet Assoc. 2007;107(10):1786–91.

留言 (0)

沒有登入
gif