Hair Follicle Melanocytes Initiate Autoimmunity in Alopecia Areata: a Trigger Point

Gilhar A, Etzioni A, Paus R (2012) Alopecia areata. N Engl J Med 366:1515–1525. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMra1103442

CAS  Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Pratt CH, King LE Jr, Messenger AG, Christiano AM, Sundberg JP (2017) Alopecia areata Nat Rev Dis Primers 3:17011. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrdp.2017.11

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Lee HH, Gwillim E, Patel KR, Hua T, Rastogi S, Ibler E, Silverberg JI (2020) Epidemiology of alopecia areata, ophiasis, totalis, and universalis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Am Acad Dermatol 82(3):675–682. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaad.2019.08.032

CAS  Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Simakou T, Butcher JP, Reid S, Henriquez FL (2019) Alopecia areata: a multifactorial autoimmune condition. J Autoimmun 98:74–85. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaut.2018.12.001

CAS  Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Macbeth AE, Holmes S, Harries M, Chiu WS, Tziotzios C, de Lusignan S, Messenger AG, Thompson AR (2022) The associated burden of mental health conditions in alopecia areata: a population-based study in UK primary care. Br J Dermatol 187(1):73–81. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjd.21055

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Strazzulla LC, Wang EHC, Avila L, Lo Sicco K, Brinster N, Christiano AM, Shapiro J (2018) Alopecia areata: an appraisal of new treatment approaches and overview of current therapies. J Am Acad Dermatol 78(1):15–24. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaad.2017.04.1142

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Ito T, Ito N, Bettermann A, Tokura Y, Takigawa M, Paus R (2004) Collapse and restoration of MHC class-I-dependent immune privilege: exploiting the human hair follicle as a model. Am J Pathol 164(2):623–634. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0002-9440(10)63151-3

CAS  Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Bertolini M, Zilio F, Rossi A, Kleditzsch P, Emelianov VE, Gilhar A, Keren A, Meyer KC, Wang E, Funk W, McElwee K, Paus R (2014) Abnormal interactions between perifollicular mast cells and CD8+ T-cells may contribute to the pathogenesis of alopecia areata. PLoS ONE 9(5):e94260. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0094260

CAS  Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Luger TA, Scholzen T, Grabbe S (1997) The role of alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone in cutaneous biology. J Investig Dermatol Symp Proc 2(1):87–93. https://doi.org/10.1038/jidsymp.1997.17

CAS  Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Meyer KC, Klatte JE, Dinh HV, Harries MJ, Reithmayer K, Meyer W, Sinclair R, Paus R (2008) Evidence that the bulge region is a site of relative immune privilege in human hair follicles. Br J Dermatol 159(5):1077–1085. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2133.2008.08818.x

CAS  Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Ito T, Ito N, Saatoff M, Hashizume H, Fukamizu H, Nickoloff BJ, Takigawa M, Paus R (2008) Maintenance of hair follicle immune privilege is linked to prevention of NK cell attack. J Invest Dermatol 128(5):1196–1206. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.jid.5701183

CAS  Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Paus R, Nickoloff BJ, Ito T (2005) A ‘hairy’ privilege. Trends Immunol 26(1):32–40. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.it.2004.09.014

CAS  Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Christoph T, Müller-Röver S, Audring H, Tobin DJ, Hermes B, Cotsarelis G, Rückert R, Paus R (2000) The human hair follicle immune system: cellular composition and immune privilege. Br J Dermatol 142(5):862–873. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2133.2000.03464.x

CAS  Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Bodemer C, Peuchmaur M, Fraitaig S, Chatenoud L, Brousse N, De Prost Y (2000) Role of cytotoxic T cells in chronic alopecia areata. J Invest Dermatol 114(1):112–116. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1523-1747.2000.00828.x

CAS  Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Whiting DA (2003) Histopathologic features of alopecia areata: a new look. Arch Dermatol 139(12):1555–1559. https://doi.org/10.1001/archderm.139.12.1555

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Strazzulla LC, Wang EHC, Avila L, Lo Sicco K, Brinster N, Christiano AM, Shapiro J (2018) Alopecia areata: disease characteristics, clinical evaluation, and new perspectives on pathogenesis. J Am Acad Dermatol 78(1):1–12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaad.2017.04.1141

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Petukhova L, Duvic M, Hordinsky M, Norris D, Price V, Shimomura Y, Kim H, Singh P, Lee A, Chen WV, Meyer KC, Paus R, Jahoda CA, Amos CI, Gregersen PK, Christiano AM (2010) Genome-wide association study in alopecia areata implicates both innate and adaptive immunity. Nature 466(7302):113–117. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature09114

CAS  Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Borcherding N, Crotts SB, Ortolan LS, Henderson N, Bormann NL, Jabbari A (2020) A transcriptomic map of murine and human alopecia areata. JCI Insight 5(13):e137424. https://doi.org/10.1172/jci.insight.137424

Article  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Gilhar A, Laufer-Britva R, Keren A, Paus R (2019) Frontiers in alopecia areata pathobiology research. J Allergy Clin Immunol 144(6):1478–1489. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2019.08.035

CAS  Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Wang EHC, Yu M, Breitkopf T, Akhoundsadegh N, Wang X, Shi FT, Leung G, Dutz JP, Shapiro J, McElwee KJ (2016) Identification of autoantigen epitopes in alopecia areata. J Invest Dermatol 136(8):1617–1626. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jid.2016.04.004

CAS  Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Finner AM (2011) Alopecia areata: clinical presentation, diagnosis, and unusual cases. Dermatol Ther 24(3):348–354. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1529-8019.2011.01413.x

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Lee H, Jeong S, Shin EC (2022) Significance of bystander T cell activation in microbial infection. Nat Immunol 23(1):13–22. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41590-021-00985-3

CAS  Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Xing L, Dai Z, Jabbari A, Cerise JE, Higgins CA, Gong W, de Jong A, Harel S, DeStefano GM, Rothman L, Singh P, Petukhova L, Mackay-Wiggan J, Christiano AM, Clynes R (2014) Alopecia areata is driven by cytotoxic T lymphocytes and is reversed by JAK inhibition. Nat Med 20(9):1043–1049. https://doi.org/10.1038/nm.3645

CAS  Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Freyschmidt-Paul P, McElwee KJ, Hoffmann R, Sundberg JP, Vitacolonna M, Kissling S, Zöller M (2006) Interferon-gamma-deficient mice are resistant to the development of alopecia areata. Br J Dermatol 155(3):515–521. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2133.2006.07377.x

CAS  Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Rajabi F, Drake LA, Senna MM, Rezaei N (2018) Alopecia areata: a review of disease pathogenesis. Br J Dermatol 179(5):1033–1048. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjd.16808

CAS  Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Jia WX, Mao QX, Xiao XM, Li ZL, Yu RX, Li CR (2014) Patchy alopecia areata sparing gray hairs: a case series. Postepy Dermatol Alergol 31(2):113–116. https://doi.org/10.5114/pdia.2014.40956

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Tan C, Zhu WY, Min ZS (2008) A case of patchy alopecia areata sparing lesional greying hairs. Int J Dermatol 47(8):864–865. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-4632.2008.03584.x

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Paus R (2020) The evolving pathogenesis of alopecia areata: major open questions. J Investig Dermatol Symp Proc 20(1):S6–S10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jisp.2020.04.002

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Tobin DJ (2008) Biology of hair follicle pigmentation. Hair growth and disorders. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg, Berlin, pp 51–74

Chapter  Google Scholar 

Botchkareva NV, Khlgatian M, Longley BJ, Botchkarev VA, Gilchrest BA (2001) SCF/c-kit signaling is required for cyclic regeneration of the hair pigmentation unit. FASEB J 15(3):645–658. https://doi.org/10.1096/fj.00-0368com

CAS  Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Mackintosh JA (2001) The antimicrobial properties of melanocytes, melanosomes and melanin and the evolution of black skin. J Theor Biol 211(2):101–113. https://doi.org/10.1006/jtbi.2001.2331

CAS  Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Nishimura EK, Jordan SA, Oshima H, Yoshida H, Osawa M, Moriyama M, Jackson IJ, Barrandon Y, Miyachi Y, Nishikawa S (2002) Dominant role of the niche in melanocyte stem-cell fate determination. Nature 416(6883):854–860. https://doi.org/10.1038/416854a

CAS  Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Ito N, Ito T, Betterman A, Paus R (2004) The human hair bulb is a source and target of CRH. J Invest Dermatol 122(1):235–237. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1523-1747.2003.22145.x

CAS  Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Zhang B, Ma S, Rachmin I, He M, Baral P, Choi S, Gonçalves WA, Shwartz Y, Fast EM, Su Y, Zon LI, Regev A, Buenrostro JD, Cunha TM, Chiu IM, Fisher DE, Hsu YC (2020) Hyperactivation of sympathetic nerves drives depletion of melanocyte stem cells. Nature 577(7792):676–681. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-020-1935-3

CAS  Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Panteleyev AA (2018) Functional anatomy of the hair follicle: the secondary hair germ. Exp Dermatol 27(7):701–720. https://doi.org/10.1111/exd.13666

CAS  Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Geyfman M, Plikus MV, Treffeisen E, Andersen B, Paus R (2015) Resting no more: re-defining telogen, the maintenance stage of the hair growth cycle. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 90(4):1179–1196. https://doi.org/10.1111/brv.12151

Article 

留言 (0)

沒有登入
gif