Sung H, Ferlay J, Siegel RL, et al. Global cancer statistics 2020: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries. CA Cancer J Clin. 2021;71:209–49.

Article  Google Scholar 

Ono H, Yao K, Fujishiro M, et al. Guidelines for endoscopic submucosal dissection and endoscopic mucosal resection for early gastric cancer (second edition). Dig Endosc. 2021;33:4–20.

Article  Google Scholar 

Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications Statistics Bureau. Elderly population. https://www.stat.go.jp/data/topics/topi1131.html. Accessed 25 June 2022.

Cancer Registry and Statistics. Graph database. National Cancer Center, Japan, Cancer Information Service. https://gdb.ganjoho.jp/graph_db/gdb1?dataType. Accessed 25 June 2022.

Tanoue K, Fukunaga S, Nagami Y, et al. Long-term outcome of endoscopic submucosal dissection for early gastric cancer in patients with severe comorbidities: a comparative propensity score analysis. Gastric Cancer. 2019;22:558–66.

Article  Google Scholar 

Iwai N, Dohi O, Naito Y, et al. Impact of the Charlson comorbidity index and prognostic nutritional index on prognosis in patients with early gastric cancer after endoscopic submucosal dissection. Dig Endosc. 2018;30:616–23.

Article  Google Scholar 

Sekiguchi M, Oda I, Suzuki H, et al. Clinical outcomes and prognostic factors in gastric cancer patients aged ≥85 years undergoing endoscopic submucosal dissection. Gastrointest Endosc. 2017;85:963–72.

Article  Google Scholar 

Chen LK, Woo J, Assantachai P, et al. Asian working group for sarcopenia: 2019 consensus update on sarcopenia diagnosis and treatment. J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2020;21:300-307.e2.

Article  Google Scholar 

Lou N, Chi CH, Chen XD, et al. Sarcopenia in overweight and obese patients is a predictive factor for postoperative complication in gastric cancer: a prospective study. Eur J Surg Oncol. 2017;43:188–95.

CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

Sun X, Xu J, Chen X, et al. Sarcopenia in patients with normal body mass index is an independent predictor for postoperative complication and long-term survival in gastric cancer. Clin Transl Sci. 2021;14:837–46.

Article  Google Scholar 

Park SE, Choi JH, Park JY, et al. Loss of skeletal muscle mass during palliative chemotherapy is a poor prognostic factor in patients with advanced gastric cancer. Sci Rep. 2020;10:17683.

CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

Hisada H, Tamura N, Tsuji Y, et al. The impact of sarcopenia on adverse events associated with gastric endoscopic submucosal dissection. Surg Endosc. 2022;36:6387–95.

Article  Google Scholar 

Ogata Y, Hatta W, Ohara Y, et al. Predictors of early and late mortality after the treatment for early gastric cancers. Dig Endosc. 2021;34(4):816–25.

Article  Google Scholar 

Kim GH, Choi KD, Ko Y, et al. Impact of comorbidities, sarcopenia, and nutritional status on the long-term outcomes after endoscopic submucosal dissection for early gastric cancer in elderly patients aged ≥ 80 years. Cancers. 2021;13(14):3598.

Article  Google Scholar 

Ito N, Funasaka K, Miyahara R, et al. Relationship between psoas muscle index and long-term survival in older patients aged ≥ 80 years after endoscopic submucosal dissection for gastric cancer. Int J Clin Oncol. 2022;27(4):729–38.

Article  Google Scholar 

Arao M, Mizutani T, Ozawa N, et al. Skeletal muscle depletion: a risk factor for pneumonia following gastric endoscopic submucosal dissection in elderly patients. Dig Dis. 2021;39:435–43.

Article  Google Scholar 

Visser M, Kritchevsky SB, Goodpaster BH, et al. Leg muscle mass and composition in relation to lower extremity performance in men and women aged 70 to 79: the health, aging and body composition study. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2002;50:897–904.

Article  Google Scholar 

Visser M, Goodpaster BH, Kritchevsky SB, et al. Muscle mass, muscle strength, and muscle fat infiltration as predictors of incident mobility limitations in well-functioning older persons. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2005;60:324–33.

Article  Google Scholar 

Kusunoki Y, Okugawa Y, Toiyama Y, et al. Modified intramuscular adipose tissue content as a feasible surrogate marker for malnutrition in gastrointestinal cancer. Clin Nutr. 2021;40:2640–53.

Article  Google Scholar 

Kitajima Y, Eguchi Y, Ishibashi E, et al. Age-related fat deposition in multifidus muscle could be a marker for nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. J Gastroenterol. 2010;45:218–24.

Article  Google Scholar 

Charlson ME, Pompei P, Ales KL, et al. A new method of classifying prognostic comorbidity in longitudinal studies: development and validation. J Chronic Dis. 1987;40:373–83.

CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

Goseki N, Okamoto A, Onodera T. Postoperative nutritional assessment in gastric and colorectal cancer. Nihon Geka Gakkai Zasshi. 1986;87:853–8.

CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Bouillanne O, Morineau G, Dupont C, et al. Geriatric Nutritional Risk Index: a new index for evaluating at-risk elderly medical patients. Am J Clin Nutr. 2005;82:777–83.

CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

Inoue Y, Iwata T, Okugawa Y, et al. Prognostic significance of a systemic inflammatory response in patients undergoing multimodality therapy for advanced colorectal cancer. Oncology. 2013;84:100–7.

CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

Azab B, Bhatt VR, Phookan J, et al. Usefulness of the neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio in predicting short- and long-term mortality in breast cancer patients. Ann Surg Oncol. 2012;19:217–24.

Article  Google Scholar 

Japanese Gastric Cancer Association. Japanese gastric cancer treatment guidelines 2018 (5th edition). Gastric Cancer. 2021;24:1–21.

Article  Google Scholar 

Nishikawa H, Shiraki M, Hiramatsu A, et al. Japan Society of Hepatology guidelines for sarcopenia in liver disease (1st edition): recommendation from the working group for creation of sarcopenia assessment criteria. Hepatol Res. 2016;46:951–63.

Article  Google Scholar 

Watanabe J, Osaki T, Ueyama T, et al. The combination of preoperative skeletal muscle quantity and quality is an important indicator of survival in elderly patients undergoing curative gastrectomy for gastric cancer. World J Surg. 2021;45:2868–77.

Article  Google Scholar 

Okumura S, Kaido T, Hamaguchi Y, et al. Impact of preoperative quality as well as quantity of skeletal muscle on survival after resection of pancreatic cancer. Surgery. 2015;157:1088–98.

Article  Google Scholar 

Cruz-Jentoft AJ, Bahat G, Bauer J, et al. Sarcopenia: revised European consensus on definition and diagnosis. Age Ageing. 2019;48:16–31.

Article  Google Scholar 

Kitamura A, Seino S, Abe T, et al. Sarcopenia: prevalence, associated factors, and the risk of mortality and disability in Japanese older adults. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle. 2021;12:30–8.

Article  Google Scholar 

Libânio D, Costa MN, Pimentel-Nunes P, et al. Risk factors for bleeding after gastric endoscopic submucosal dissection: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Gastrointest Endosc. 2016;84:572–86.

Article  Google Scholar 

Lutz CT, Quinn LS. Sarcopenia, obesity, and natural killer cell immune senescence in aging: altered cytokine levels as a common mechanism. Aging. 2012;4:535–46.

CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

Toya Y, Shimada T, Hamada K, et al. Prediction model of 3-year survival after endoscopic submucosal dissection for early gastric cancer in elderly patients aged ≥85 years: EGC-2 model. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol. 2022. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00432-022-04024-y.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Nishikawa H, Shiraki M, Hiramatsu A, et al. Reduced handgrip strength predicts poorer survival in chronic liver diseases: a large multicenter study in Japan. Hepatol Res. 2021;51:957–67.

Article  Google Scholar 

Zhu LY, Chan R, Kwok T, et al. Effects of exercise and nutrition supplementation in community-dwelling older Chinese people with sarcopenia: a randomized controlled trial. Age Ageing. 2019;48:220–8.

Article  Google Scholar 

Mori H, Tokuda Y. Effect of whey protein supplementation after resistance exercise on the muscle mass and physical function of healthy older women: a randomized controlled trial. Geriatr Gerontol Int. 2018;18:1398–404.

Article  Google Scholar