Tan, E. M. & Kunkel, H. G. Characteristics of a Soluble Nuclear Antigen Precipitating with Sera of Patients with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus. J. Immunol. 96, 464–471 (1966).

CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Abdelal, I. T., Zakaria, M. A., Sharaf, D. M. & Elakad, G. M. Levels of plasma cell-free DNA and its correlation with disease activity in rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus patients. Egypt. Rheumatol. 38, 295–300 (2016).

Article  Google Scholar 

Koike, Y. et al. Dynamic pathology for circulating free DNA in a dextran sodium sulfate colitis mouse model. Pediatr. Surg. Int. 30, 1199–1206 (2014).

PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

Vrablicova, Z. et al. Nuclear and Mitochondrial Circulating Cell-Free DNA Is Increased in Patients With Inflammatory Bowel Disease in Clinical Remission. Front. Med. 7, 593316 (2020).

Article  Google Scholar 

González, L. A., Ugarte-Gil, M. F. & Alarcón, G. S. Systemic lupus erythematosus: The search for the ideal biomarker. Lupus 30, 181–203 (2021).

PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

Verstockt, B. et al. Results of the Seventh Scientific Workshop of ECCO: Precision Medicine in IBD—Disease Outcome and Response to Therapy. J. Crohns Colitis 15, 1431–1442 (2021).

PubMed  PubMed Central  Article  Google Scholar 

Xu, Y. et al. High levels of circulating cell-free DNA are a biomarker of active SLE. Eur. J. Clin. Invest. 48, e13015 (2018).

PubMed  Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Truszewska, A. et al. Cell-free DNA profiling in patients with lupus nephritis. Lupus 29, 1759–1772 (2020).

CAS  PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

Mondelo-Macía, P., Castro-Santos, P., Castillo-García, A., Muinelo-Romay, L. & Diaz-Peña, R. Circulating Free DNA and Its Emerging Role in Autoimmune Diseases. J. Pers. Med. 11, 151 (2021).

PubMed  PubMed Central  Article  Google Scholar 

Kubiritova, Z., Radvanszky, J. & Gardlik, R. Cell-Free Nucleic Acids and their Emerging Role in the Pathogenesis and Clinical Management of Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 20, 3662 (2019).

CAS  PubMed Central  Article  Google Scholar 

Duvvuri, B. & Lood, C. Cell-Free DNA as a Biomarker in Autoimmune Rheumatic Diseases. Front. Immunol. 10, 502 (2019).

Bianchi, D. W. & Chiu, R. W. K. Sequencing of Circulating Cell-free DNA during Pregnancy. N. Engl. J. Med. 379, 464–473 (2018).

CAS  PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

Wan, J. C. M. et al. Liquid biopsies come of age: towards implementation of circulating tumour DNA. Nat. Rev. Cancer 17, 223–238 (2017).

CAS  PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

Vermeesch, J. R., Voet, T. & Devriendt, K. Prenatal and pre-implantation genetic diagnosis. Nat. Rev. Genet. 17, 643–656 (2016).

CAS  PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

Lo, Y. M. D. et al. Presence of fetal DNA in maternal plasma and serum. Lancet 350, 485–487 (1997).

CAS  PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

Bayindir, B. et al. Noninvasive prenatal testing using a novel analysis pipeline to screen for all autosomal fetal aneuploidies improves pregnancy management. Eur. J. Hum. Genet. 23, 1286–1293 (2015).

CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Article  Google Scholar 

Van Den Bogaert, K. et al. Outcome of publicly funded nationwide first-tier noninvasive prenatal screening. Genet. Med 23, 1137–1142 (2021).

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Lenaerts, L. et al. Comprehensive genome-wide analysis of routine non-invasive test data allows cancer prediction: A single-center retrospective analysis of over 85,000 pregnancies. EClinicalMedicine 35, 100856 (2021).

PubMed  PubMed Central  Article  Google Scholar 

van der Meij, K. R. M. et al. TRIDENT-2: National Implementation of Genome-Wide Non-Invasive Prenatal Testing as a First-Tier Screening Test in the Netherlands. Am. J. Hum. Genet. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajhg.2019.10.005 (2019).

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Mackie, F., Hemming, K., Allen, S., Morris, R. & Kilby, M. The accuracy of cell-free fetal DNA-based non-invasive prenatal testing in singleton pregnancies: a systematic review and bivariate meta-analysis. BJOG Int. J. Obstet. Gynaecol. 124, 32–46 (2017).

CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

Suzumori, N. et al. Classification of factors involved in nonreportable results of noninvasive prenatal testing (NIPT) and prediction of success rate of second NIPT. Prenat. Diagn. 39, 100–106 (2019).

CAS  PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

Hui, L. & Bianchi, D. W. Fetal fraction and noninvasive prenatal testing: What clinicians need to know. Prenat. Diagn. 40, 155–163 (2020).

PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

Samura, O. & Okamoto, A. Causes of aberrant non-invasive prenatal testing for aneuploidy: A systematic review. Taiwan. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 59, 16–20 (2020).

PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

MacKinnon, H. J. et al. The impact of maternal autoimmune disease on cell-free DNA test characteristics. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. MFM 3, 100466 (2021).

Haghiac, M. et al. Increased Death of Adipose Cells, a Path to Release Cell-Free DNA Into Systemic Circulation of Obese Women. Obesity 20, 2213–2219 (2012).

CAS  PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

Dabi, Y. et al. Autoimmune disorders but not heparin are associated with cell-free fetal DNA test failure. J. Transl. Med. 16, 335 (2018).

CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Article  Google Scholar 

Hui, C. Y. Y., Tan, W. C., Tan, E. L. & Tan, L. K. Repeated failed non-invasive prenatal testing in a woman with immune thrombocytopenia and antiphospholipid syndrome: lessons learnt. Case Rep. 2016, bcr2016216593 (2016).

Google Scholar 

Hui, L., Bethune, M., Weeks, A., Kelley, J. & Hayes, L. Repeated failed non-invasive prenatal testing owing to low cell-free fetal DNA fraction and increased variance in a woman with severe autoimmune disease. Ultrasound Obstet. Gynecol. 44, 242–243 (2014).

CAS  PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

Che, H. et al. Pan-Cancer Detection and Typing by Mining Patterns in Large Genome-Wide Cell-Free DNA Sequencing Datasets. Clin. Chem. hvac095 https://doi.org/10.1093/clinchem/hvac095 (2022).

Rees, F., Doherty, M., Grainge, M. J., Lanyon, P. & Zhang, W. The worldwide incidence and prevalence of systemic lupus erythematosus: a systematic review of epidemiological studies. Rheumatology 56, 1945–1961 (2017).

PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

Rees, F. et al. The incidence and prevalence of systemic lupus erythematosus in the UK, 1999–2012. Ann. Rheum. Dis. 75, 136–141 (2016).

PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

Shand, A., Chen, J., Selby, W., Solomon, M. & Roberts, C. Inflammatory bowel disease in pregnancy: a population-based study of prevalence and pregnancy outcomes. BJOG Int. J. Obstet. Gynaecol. 123, 1862–1870 (2016).

CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

Kaul, A. et al. Systemic lupus erythematosus. Nat. Rev. Dis. Prim. 2, 1–21 (2016).

Google Scholar 

Elkon, K. B. Review: Cell Death, Nucleic Acids, and Immunity. Arthritis Rheumatol. 70, 805–816 (2018).

PubMed  PubMed Central  Article  Google Scholar 

Heitzer, E., Auinger, L. & Speicher, M. R. Cell-Free DNA and Apoptosis: How Dead Cells Inform About the Living. Trends Mol. Med. 26, 519–528 (2020).

CAS  PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

Jiang, P. & Lo, Y. M. D. The Long and Short of Circulating Cell-Free DNA and the Ins and Outs of Molecular Diagnostics. Trends Genet 32, 360–371 (2016).

CAS  PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

Goggs, R., Jeffery, U., LeVine, D. N. & Li, R. H. L. Neutrophil-Extracellular Traps, Cell-Free DNA, and Immunothrombosis in Companion Animals: A Review. Vet. Pathol. 57, 6–23 (2020).

CAS  PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

Aucamp, J., Bronkhorst, A. J., Badenhorst, C. P. S. & Pretorius, P. J. The diverse origins of circulating cell-free DNA in the human body: a critical re-evaluation of the literature. Biol. Rev. 93, 1649–1683 (2018).

PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

Papayannopoulos, V. Neutrophil extracellular traps in immunity and disease. Nat. Rev. Immunol. 18, 134–147 (2018).

CAS  PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

Lood, C. et al. Neutrophil extracellular traps enriched in oxidized mitochondrial DNA are interferogenic and contribute to lupus-like disease. Nat. Med. 22, 146–153 (2016).

CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Article  Google Scholar 

Chowdhury, C. S. et al. Elevated Levels of Total Cell-Free DNA in Maternal Serum Samples Arise from the Generation of Neutrophil Extracellular Traps. Fetal Diagn. Ther. 40, 263–267 (2016).

Article  Google Scholar 

Dinallo, V. et al. Neutrophil Extracellular Traps Sustain Inflammatory Signals in Ulcerative Colitis. J. Crohns Colitis 13, 772–784 (2019).

PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

Maronek, M. et al. Extracellular DNA Correlates with Intestinal Inflammation in Chemically Induced Colitis in Mice. Cells 10, 81 (2021).

CAS  PubMed Central  Article  Google Scholar 

Wang, W.-M. & Jin, H.-Z. Role of Neutrophils in Psoriasis. J. Immunol. Res. 2020, 3709749 (2020).

PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Anani, H. A. A. et al. Circulating Cell-Free DNA as Inflammatory Marker in Egyptian Psoriasis Patients. Psoriasis Targets Ther. 10, 13–21 (2020).