Kafeero HM, Ndagire D, Ocama P, Kudamba A, Walusansa A, Sendagire H. Prevalence and predictors of hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection in east Africa: evidence from a systematic review and meta-analysis of epidemiological studies published from 2005 to 2020. Arch Public Health. 2021;79:167

Article  Google Scholar 

World Health O. Hepatitis B vaccines: WHO position paper, July 2017 - Recommendations. Vaccine. 2019;37:223–225

Article  Google Scholar 

Akoury T, Whetstone DR: Splenic Rupture. In: StatPearls. Treasure Island (FL), 2022.

Sandmann L, Cornberg M. HCC and HBV reactivation-A preventable condition not to be missed. Hepatology. 2022;75:1075–1077

Article  Google Scholar 

Wang G, Duan Z. Guidelines for prevention and treatment of chronic hepatitis B. J Clin Transl Hepatol. 2021;9:769–791

PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Wang M, Wang Y, Feng X, Wang R, Wang Y, Zeng H, et al. Contribution of hepatitis B virus and hepatitis C virus to liver cancer in China north areas: experience of the Chinese National Cancer Center. Int J Infect Dis. 2017;65:15–21

Article  Google Scholar 

Zhou J, Sun H, Wang Z, Cong W, Wang J, Zeng M, Zhou W, et al. Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma (2019 Edition). Liver Cancer 2020;9:682–720.

Terrault NA, Lok ASF, McMahon BJ, Chang KM, Hwang JP, Jonas MM, et al. Update on prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of chronic hepatitis B: AASLD 2018 hepatitis B guidance. Hepatology. 2018;67:1560–1599

Article  Google Scholar 

Nguyen MH, Wong G, Gane E, Kao JH, Dusheiko G. Hepatitis B Virus: Advances in prevention, diagnosis, and therapy. Clin Microbiol Rev 2020;33.

Shah NJ, Aloysius MM, Sharma NR, Pallav K. Advances in treatment and prevention of hepatitis B. World J Gastrointest Pharmacol Ther. 2021;12:56–78

Article  Google Scholar 

Kushner T, Shaw PA, Kalra A, Magaldi L, Monpara P, Bedi G, et al. Incidence, determinants and outcomes of pregnancy-associated hepatitis B flares: A regional hospital-based cohort study. Liver Int. 2018;38:813–820

CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

Chang CY, Aziz N, Poongkunran M, Javaid A, Trinh HN, Lau DT, et al. Serum aminotransferase flares in pregnant and postpartum women with current or prior treatment for chronic hepatitis B. J Clin Gastroenterol. 2018;52:255–261

CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

Joshi SS, Coffin CS. Hepatitis B and pregnancy: virologic and immunologic characteristics. Hepatol Commun. 2020;4:157–171

Article  Google Scholar 

Yi W, Pan CQ, Li MH, Wan G, Lv YW, Liu M, et al. The characteristics and predictors of postpartum hepatitis flares in women with chronic hepatitis B. Am J Gastroenterol. 2018;113:686–693

CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

Liu J, Wang J, Jin D, Qi C, Yan T, Cao F, et al. Hepatic flare after telbivudine withdrawal and efficacy of postpartum antiviral therapy for pregnancies with chronic hepatitis B virus. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2017;32:177–183

CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

Nguyen V, Tan PK, Greenup AJ, Glass A, Davison S, Samarasinghe D, et al. Anti-viral therapy for prevention of perinatal HBV transmission: extending therapy beyond birth does not protect against post-partum flare. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2014;39:1225–1234

CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

Pan CQ, Duan Z, Dai E, Zhang S, Han G, Wang Y, et al. Tenofovir to prevent hepatitis B transmission in mothers with high viral load. N Engl J Med. 2016;374:2324–2334

CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

Jourdain G, Ngo-Giang-Huong N, Harrison L, Decker L, Khamduang W, Tierney C, et al. Tenofovir versus placebo to prevent perinatal transmission of hepatitis B. N Engl J Med. 2018;378:911–923

CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

Chang CY, Aziz N, Poongkunran M, Javaid A, Trinh HN, Lau D, et al. Serum alanine aminotransferase and hepatitis B DNA flares in pregnant and postpartum women with chronic hepatitis B. Am J Gastroenterol. 2016;111:1410–1415

CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

Chinese Society of Infectious Diseases CMA, Chinese Society of Hepatology CMA. The guidelines of prevention and treatment for chronic hepatitis B. version). Zhonghua Gan Zang Bing Za Zhi. 2019;2019(27):938–961

Google Scholar 

Terrault NA, Bzowej NH, Chang KM, Hwang JP, Jonas MM, Murad MH, American Association for the Study of Liver D. AASLD guidelines for treatment of chronic hepatitis B. Hepatology 2016;63:261–283.

Tan HH, Lui HF, Chow WC. Chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection in pregnancy. Hepatol Int. 2008;2:370–375

Article  Google Scholar 

Chen R, Zou J, Long L, Huang H, Zhang M, Fan X, et al. Safety and efficacy of tenofovir alafenamide fumarate in early-middle pregnancy for mothers with chronic hepatitis B. Front Med (Lausanne). 2021;8: 796901

Article  Google Scholar 

Sarin SK, Kumar M, Lau GK, Abbas Z, Chan HL, Chen CJ, et al. Asian-Pacific clinical practice guidelines on the management of hepatitis B: a 2015 update. Hepatol Int. 2016;10:1–98

CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

European Association for the Study of the Liver. Electronic address eee, European Association for the Study of the L. EASL. Clinical Practice Guidelines on the management of hepatitis B virus infection. J Hepatol. 2017;2017(67):370–398

Google Scholar 

Zhuang H. Prevention of mother-to-child transmission of hepatitis B virus. Zhonghua Gan Zang Bing Za Zhi. 2016;24:881–884

CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Lu Y, Zhu FC, Liu JX, Zhai XJ, Chang ZJ, Yan L, et al. The maternal viral threshold for antiviral prophylaxis of perinatal hepatitis B virus transmission in settings with limited resources: a large prospective cohort study in China. Vaccine. 2017;35:6627–6633

CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

Liu J, Xu B, Chen T, Chen J, Feng J, Xu C, et al. Presence of hepatitis B virus markers in umbilical cord blood: exposure to or infection with the virus? Dig Liver Dis. 2019;51:864–869

Article  Google Scholar 

Cheung KW, Seto MTY, Kan ASY, Wong D, Kou KO, So PL, et al. Immunoprophylaxis failure of infants born to hepatitis B carrier mothers following routine vaccination. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2018;16:144–145

Article  Google Scholar 

Yi W, Pan CQ, Hao J, Hu Y, Liu M, Li L, et al. Risk of vertical transmission of hepatitis B after amniocentesis in HBs antigen-positive mothers. J Hepatol. 2014;60:523–529

CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

Hou J, Wang G, Wang F, Cheng J, Ren H, Zhuang H, et al. Guideline of prevention and treatment for chronic hepatitis B (2015 Update). J Clin Transl Hepatol. 2017;5:297–318

Article  Google Scholar 

Marcellin P, Heathcote EJ, Buti M, Gane E, de Man RA, Krastev Z, et al. Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate versus adefovir dipivoxil for chronic hepatitis B. N Engl J Med. 2008;359:2442–2455

CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

Suoh M, Tamori A, Amano-Teranishi Y, Nakai T, Enomoto M, Kawasaki Y, et al. The administration of tenofovir disoproxil fumarate for pregnant Japanese women with chronic hepatitis B. Intern Med. 2020;59:205–210

Article  Google Scholar 

Chang ML, Liaw YF. Hepatitis B flares in chronic hepatitis B: pathogenesis, natural course, and management. J Hepatol. 2014;61:1407–1417

Article  Google Scholar 

Sirilert S, Tongsong T. Hepatitis B virus infection in pregnancy: immunological response, natural course and pregnancy outcomes. J Clin Med 2021;10.