*Department of Health Management and Policy, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA

†Division of Health Systems Management and Policy, University of Memphis, Memphis, TN

‡Department of Economics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA

§Department of Preventive & Community Dentistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA

∥Public Policy Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA

¶National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, MA

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Correspondence to: George L. Wehby, PhD, Professor and the John W. Colloton Chair, University of Iowa, Department of Health Management and Policy, Departments of Economics and Preventive & Community Dentistry, and Public Policy Center, Research Associate, National Bureau of Economic Research, 145 N. Riverside Dr., 100 College of Public Health Bldg., Room N250, Iowa City, IA 52242-2007. E-mail: [email protected]

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