Anderlini P, Przepiorka D, Luna M, Langford L, Andreeff M, Claxton D, Deisseroth AB (1994) Acanthamoeba meningoencephalitis after bone marrow transplantation. Bone Marrow Transplant 14(3):459–461

CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Capewell LG, Harris AM, Yoder JS, Cope JR, Eddy BA, Roy SL, Visvesvara GS, Fox LM, Beach MJ (2015) Diagnosis, clinical course, and treatment of primary amoebic meningoencephalitis in the United States, 1937–2013. J Pediatric Infect Dis Soc 4(4):e68-75

Article  Google Scholar 

CDC (2022) Amebic meningitis. Meningitis Retrieved July 11, 2022, from https://www.cdc.gov/meningitis/amebic.html

Chotmongkol V, Pipitgool V, Khempila J (1993) Eosinophilic cerebrospinal fluid pleocytosis and primary amebic meningoencephalitis. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 24(2):399–401

CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Cope JR, Ali IK (2016) Primary amebic meningoencephalitis: what have we learned in the last 5 years? Curr Infect Dis Rep 18(10):31

Article  Google Scholar 

da Rocha-Azevedo B, Tanowitz HB, Marciano-Cabral F (2009) Diagnosis of infections caused by pathogenic free-living amoebae. Interdiscip Perspect Infect Dis 2009:251406

PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Diaz JH (2011) The public health threat from Balamuthia mandrillaris in the southern United States. J La State Med Soc 163(4):197–204

PubMed  Google Scholar 

dos Santos NG (1970) Fatal primary amebic meningoencephalitis. A retrospective study in Richmond, Virginia. Am J Clin Pathol 54(5):737–742

Article  Google Scholar 

Duma RJ, Ferrell HW, Nelson EC, Jones MM (1969) Primary amebic meningoencephalitis. N Engl J Med 281(24):1315–1323

CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

Duma RJ, Rosenblum WI, McGehee RF, Jones MM, Nelson EC (1971) Primary amoebic meningoencephalitis caused by Naegleria. Two new cases, response to amphotericin B, and a review. Ann Intern Med 74(6):923–931

CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

Dunand VA, Hammer SM, Rossi R, Poulin M, Albrecht MA, Doweiko JP, DeGirolami PC, Coakley E, Piessens E, Wanke CA (1997) Parasitic sinusitis and otitis in patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus: report of five cases and review. Clin Infect Dis 25(2):267–272

CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

Fowler M, Carter RF (1965) Acute pyogenic meningitis probably due to Acanthamoeba sp.: a preliminary report. Br Med J 2(5464):740–742

CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

Gharpure R, Bliton J, Goodman A, Ali IKM, Yoder J, Cope JR (2021) Epidemiology and clinical characteristics of primary amebic meningoencephalitis caused by Naegleria fowleri: a global review. Clin Infect Dis 73(1):e19–e27

Article  Google Scholar 

Gonzalez MM, Gould E, Dickinson G, Martinez AJ, Visvesvara G, Cleary TJ, Hensley GT (1986) Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome associated with Acanthamoeba infection and other opportunistic organisms. Arch Pathol Lab Med 110(8):749–751

CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Griesemer DA, Barton LL, Reese CM, Johnson PC, Gabrielsen JA, Talwar D, Visvesvara GS (1994) Amebic meningoencephalitis caused by Balamuthia mandrillaris. Pediatr Neurol 10(3):249–254

CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

Grunnet ML, Cannon GH, Kushner JP (1981) Fulminant amebic meningoencephalitis due to Acanthamoeba. Neurology 31(2):174–176

CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

John DT (1982) Primary amebic meningoencephalitis and the biology of Naegleria fowleri. Annu Rev Microbiol 36:101–123

CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

Keane NA, Lane LM, Canniff E, Hare D, Doran S, Wallace E, Hutchinson S, Healy ML, Hennessy B, Meaney J, Chiodini P, O’Connell B, Beausang A, Vandenberghe E (2020) A surviving case of Acanthamoeba granulomatous amebic encephalitis in a hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipient. Am J Case Rep 21:e923219

Article  Google Scholar 

Kidney DD, Kim SH (1998) CNS infections with free-living amebas: neuroimaging findings. AJR Am J Roentgenol 171(3):809–812

CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

Lawande RV, John I, Dobbs RH, Egler LJ (1979) A case of primary amebic meningoencephalitis in Zaria, Nigeria. Am J Clin Pathol 71(5):591–594

CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

Linam WM, Ahmed M, Cope JR, Chu C, Visvesvara GS, da Silva AJ, Qvarnstrom Y, Green J (2015) Successful treatment of an adolescent with Naegleria fowleri primary amebic meningoencephalitis. Pediatrics 135(3):e744-748

Article  Google Scholar 

Ma P, Visvesvara GS, Martinez AJ, Theodore FH, Daggett PM, Sawyer TK (1990) Naegleria and Acanthamoeba infections: review. Rev Infect Dis 12(3):490–513

CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

Marciano-Cabral F, Cline ML, Bradley SG (1987) Specificity of antibodies from human sera for Naegleria species. J Clin Microbiol 25(4):692–697

CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

Martinez AJ (1980) Is Acanthamoeba encephalitis an opportunistic infection? Neurology 30(6):567–574

CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

Martinez AJ (1985) Free living amebas: natural history, prevention, diagnosis, pathology and treatment of disease. FL, CRC Publishing, Boca Raton

Google Scholar 

Martinez AJ (1991) Infection of the central nervous system due to Acanthamoeba. Rev Infect Dis 13(Suppl 5):S399-402

Article  Google Scholar 

Martinez J, Duma RJ, Nelson EC, Moretta FL (1973) Experimental naegleria meningoencephalitis in mice. Penetration of the olfactory mucosal epithelium by Naegleria and pathologic changes produced: a light and electron microscope study. Lab Invest 29(2):121–133

CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Phillips BC, Gokden M, Petersen E (2013) Granulomatous encephalitis due to Balamuthia mandrillaris is not limited to immune-compromised patients. Clin Neurol Neurosurg 115(7):1102–1104

Article  Google Scholar 

Schuster FL, Glaser C, Honarmand S, Maguire JH, Visvesvara GS (2004) Balamuthia amebic encephalitis risk, Hispanic Americans. Emerg Infect Dis 10(8):1510–1512

Article  Google Scholar 

Seas C, Bravo F (2022) Free-living amebas and Prototheca. UpToDate. W. P. F. and C. A, Kauffman, Wolters Kluwer

Sell JJ, Rupp FW, Orrison WW Jr (1997) Granulomatous amebic encephalitis caused by acanthamoeba. Neuroradiology 39(6):434–436

CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

Sheng WH, Hung CC, Huang HH, Liang SY, Cheng YJ, Ji DD, Chang SC (2009) First case of granulomatous amebic encephalitis caused by Acanthamoeba castellanii in Taiwan. Am J Trop Med Hyg 81(2):277–279

Article  Google Scholar 

Singh P, Kochhar R, Vashishta RK, Khandelwal N, Prabhakar S, Mohindra S, Singhi P (2006) Amebic meningoencephalitis: spectrum of imaging findings. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 27(6):1217–1221

CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Singh U (2005) Free-living amebas. In: Mandell GL, Bennett JE, Dolin R (eds) Principles and Practice of Infectious Diseases, vol 2. Elsevier Churchill Livingstone, Philadelphia, PA, pp 3111–3121

Google Scholar 

Sison JP, Kemper CA, Loveless M, McShane D, Visvesvara GS, Deresinski SC (1995) Disseminated acanthamoeba infection in patients with AIDS: case reports and review. Clin Infect Dis 20(5):1207–1216

CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

Viriyavejakul P, Rochanawutanon M, Sirinavin S (1997) Naegleria meningomyeloencephalitis. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 28(1):237–240

CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Visvesvara GS, Peralta MJ, Brandt FH, Wilson M, Aloisio C, Franko E (1987) Production of monoclonal antibodies to Naegleria fowleri, agent of primary amebic meningoencephalitis. J Clin Microbiol 25(9):1629–1634

CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

Wellings FM, Amuso PT, Chang SL, Lewis AL (1977) Isolation and identification of pathogenic Naegleria from Florida lakes. Appl Environ Microbiol 34(6):661–667

CAS  Article  Google Scholar