DeMaria AN, Mason DT (1977) Echocardiographic evaluation of disturbances of cardiac rhythm and conduction. Chest 71:439–440

CAS  PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

Priori SG, Blomstrom-Lundqvist C, Mazzanti A, Bloma N, Borggrefe M, Camm J et al (2015) ESC Guidelines for the management of patients with ventricular arrhythmias and the prevention of sudden cardiac death the Task Force for the management of patients with ventricular arrhythmias and the prevention of sudden cardiac death of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) endorsed by: Association for European Paediatric and Congenital Cardiology (AEPC). Eur Heart J 36:2793–2867

PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

Brignole M, Auricchio A, Baron-Esquivias G, Bordachar P, Boriani G, Breithardt OA et al (2013) 213 ESC guidelines on cardiac pacing and cardiac resynchronization therapy. Eur Heart J 34:2281–2329

PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

Galderisi M, Cosyns B, Edvardsen T, Cardim N, Delgado V, di Salvo G et al (2017) Standardization of adult transthoracic echocardiography reporting in agreement with recent chamber quantification, diastolic function, and heart valve disease recommendations: An expert consensus document of the European Association of Cardiovascular Imaging. Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging 18(12):1301–1310

PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

Mitchell C, Rahko PS, Blauwet LA, Canaday B, Finstuen JA, Foster MC et al (2019) Guidelines for performing a comprehensive transthoracic echocardiographic examination in adults: recommendations from the American Society of Echocardiography. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 32(1):1–64

PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

McAlister NH (2006) CME understanding cardiac “echo” reports practical guide for referring physicians. Can Fam Physician 52(7):869–874

PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Nagueh SF, Smiseth OA, Appleton CP, Byrd BF, Dokainish H, Edvardsen T et al (2016) Recommendations for the evaluation of left ventricular diastolic function by echocardiography: an update from the American Society of Echocardiography and the European Association of Cardiovascular Imaging. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 29(4):277–314

PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

Papadopoulos CH, Oikonomidis D, Lazaris E, Nihoyannopoulos P (2018) Echocardiography and cardiac arrhythmias. Hellenic J Cardiol 59:140–149

PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

Appleton CP, The Technical Assistance Melissa J Carucci WO, Henry CP, Olajos M, Tucson B (1991) Influence of incremental changes in heart rate on mitral flow velocity: assessment in lightly sedated, conscious dogs. J Am Coll Cardiol 17(1):227–236

Keith Cohn B, Kryda W (1981) The influence of ectopic beats and tachyarrhythmias on stroke volume and cardiac output. J Electrocardiol 14(3):207–218

Article  Google Scholar 

Zoghbi WA, Adams D, Bonow RO, Enriquez-Sarano M, Foster E, Grayburn PA et al (2017) Recommendations for noninvasive evaluation of native valvular regurgitation: a report from the American Society of Echocardiography developed in collaboration with the society for cardiovascular magnetic resonance. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 30(4):303–371

PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

Lancellotti P, Tribouilloy C, Hagendorff A, Popescu BA, Edvardsen T, Pierard LA et al (2013) Recommendations for the echocardiographic assessment of native valvular regurgitation: An executive summary from the European Association of Cardiovascular Imaging. Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging 14(7):611–644

PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

Kerut EK (2008) The mitral L-wave: a relatively common but ignored useful finding. Echocardiography 25:548–550

PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

D’Andrea A, Formisano T, Riegler L, Scarafile R, America R, Martone F et al (2017) Acute and chronic response to exercise in athletes: the “supernormal heart”. In: Advances in experimental medicine and biology. Springer, New York, pp 21–41

Baumgartner H, Hung J, Bermejo J, Chambers JB, Evangelista A, Griffin BP et al (2009) Echocardiographic assessment of valve stenosis: EAE/ASE recommendations for clinical practice. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 22:1–23

PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

Zoghbi WA, Asch FM, Bruce C, Gillam LD, Grayburn PA, Hahn RT et al (2019) Guidelines for the evaluation of valvular regurgitation after percutaneous valve repair or replacement: a report from the American Society of Echocardiography developed in collaboration with the society for cardiovascular angiography and interventions, Japanese Society of Echocardiography, and Society for Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 32(4):431–475

PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

Billette J, Tadros R (2019) An integrated overview of AV node physiology. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 42(7):805–820

PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

Barold SS, Ilercil A, Leonelli F, Herweg B (2006) First-degree atrioventricular block: clinical manifestations, indications for pacing, pacemaker management & consequences during cardiac resynchronization. J Interv Card Electrophysiol 17:139–152

PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

Lancellotti P, Zamorano JL, Habib G, Badano L (2016) The EACVI textbook of echocardiography, 2nd edn. Oxford University Press, Oxford, pp 147–161

Book  Google Scholar 

Keren G, Megidish R, Levitt B, Laniado S (1985) Pulmonary venous flow pattern—its relationship to cardiac dynamics. A pulsed Doppler echocardiographic study. Circulation 71(6):1105–1112

CAS  Google Scholar 

Li Q, Liu Y, Zuo W, Chen H, Zhao W, Dong L et al (2021) Mechanisms, features, and significance of diastolic mitral regurgitation: a case series. Eur Heart J Case Rep 4(5):1–8

Google Scholar 

Ishikawa T, Kazuo K, Naomichi Miyazaki O, Tochikubo TU, Kashiwagi M, Ishii M (1992) Diastolic mitral regurgitation in patients with first-degree atrioventricular block. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 15(11 Pt 2):1927–1931

CAS  PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

Panidis IP, Ross J, Munley B, Nestico P, Mintz GS (1986) Diastolic mitral regurgitation in patients with atrioventricular conduction abnormalities: a common finding by doppler echocardiography. J Am Coll Cardiol 7(4):768–774

CAS  PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

Ishikawa T, Sumita S, Kimura K et al (1994) Critical PQ interval for the appearance of diastolic mitral regurgitation and optimal PQ interval in patients implanted with DDD pacemakers. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 17(11 Pt 2):1989–1994

CAS  PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

Schnittger I, Christopher F, Appleton P, Hatle LK, Popp RL (1988) Diastolic mitral and tricuspid regurgitation by doppler echocardiography in patients with atrioventricalar block: new insight into the mechanism of atrioventricular valve closure. J Am Coll Cardiol 11(1):83–88

CAS  PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

Malm B, Jadbabaie F (2017) Diastolic mitral regurgitation in complete heart block. Texas Heart Inst J 44:228–230

Article  Google Scholar 

Gorcsan J, Abraham T, Agler DA, Bax JJ, Derumeaux G, Grimm RA et al (2008) Echocardiography for cardiac resynchronization therapy: recommendations for performance and reporting—a report from the American Society of Echocardiography Dyssynchrony Writing Group endorsed by the Heart Rhythm Society. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 21:191–213

PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

Salden FCWM, Kutyifa V, Stockburger M, Prinzen FW, Vernooy K (2018) Atrioventricular dromotropathy: evidence for a distinctive entity in heart failure with prolonged PR interval. Europace 20:1067–1077

PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

Simpson RF, Langtree J, Mitchell AR (2017) Ectopic beats: how many count? EMJ Cardiol 5(1):88–92

Google Scholar 

Gunda S, Akyeampong D, Gomez-Arroyo J, Jovin DG, Kowlgi NG, Kaszala K et al (2019) Consequences of chronic frequent premature atrial contractions: association with cardiac arrhythmias and cardiac structural changes. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 30(10):1952–1959

PubMed  PubMed Central  Article  Google Scholar 

Bhave NM, Patel AR, Shah AP, Lang RM (2013) Postextrasystolic potentiation in low-gradient, severe aortic stenosis: a poor man’s stress echo? Echocardiography 30(6):E148–E151

PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

Dehghani P, Singer Z, Morrison J et al (2020) Characteristics and usefulness of unintended premature ventricular contraction during invasive assessment of aortic stenosis. Int J Cardiol 313:35–38

PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

Wiley BM, Pollack A, Vaidya AS, Agarwal SK, Sengupta PP, Chaudhry FA (2017) Post-extrasystolic transaortic valve gradients differentiate “Pseudo” and “True” low-flow, low-gradient severe AS during dobutamine stress echocardiography. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging 10(10 Pt A):1199–1200

PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

Wheeler R, Masani ND (2011) The role of echocardiography in the management of atrial fibrillation. Eur J Echocardiogr 12(10):i33–i38

PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

Gumprecht J, Szulik M, Domek M, Mazurek M, Shantsila A, Oxborough D et al (2019) Novel echocardiographic biomarkers in the management of atrial fibrillation. Curr Cardiovasc Imaging Rep 12:43

Article  Google Scholar 

Minners J, Jander N (2021) Consecutive, index and representative beats: obtaining reliable information despite an irregular heart rhythm. Heart 107(11):862–863

PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

Kotecha D, Mohamed M, Shantsila E, Popescu BA, Steeds RP (2017) Is echocardiography valid and reproducible in patients with atrial fibrillation? A systematic review. Europace 19(9):1427–1438

PubMed  PubMed Central  Article  Google Scholar 

Kim T-S, Youn H-J (2011) Role of echocardiography in atrial fibrillation. J Cardiovasc Ultrasound 19(2):51

PubMed  PubMed Central  Article  Google Scholar 

Lang RM, Badano LP, Tsang W, Adams DH, Agricola E, Buck T et al (2012) EAE/ASE recommendations for image acquisition and display using three-dimensional echocardiography. Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging 13:1–46

PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

Agner R, Katz MG, Williams ZR, Dixen U, Jensen GB, Schwarz KQ (2017) Left ventricular systolic function assessed by global longitudinal strain is impaired in atrial fibrillation compared to sinus rhythm. J Atr Fibrillation 10(4):1437

Article  Google Scholar 

Nabeshima Y, Seo Y, Takeuchi M (2020) A review of current trends in three-dimensional analysis of left ventricular myocardial strain. Cardiovasc Ultrasound 18(1):23

PubMed  PubMed Central  Article  Google Scholar 

Muraru D, Niero A, Rodriguez-Zanella H, Cherata D, Badano L (2018) Three-dimensional speckle-tracking echocardiography: benefits and limitations of integrating myocardial mechanics with three-dimensional imaging. Cardiovasc Diagn Ther 8(1):101–117

PubMed  PubMed Central  Article  Google Scholar 

Ren WD, Visentin P, Nicolosi GL, Canterin FA, Dall’aglio V, Lestuzzi C et al (1993) Effect of atrial fibrillation on pulmonary venous flow patterns: transoesophageal pulsed Doppler echocardiographic study. Eur Heart J 14(10):1320–132741

CAS  PubMed