Clinical MedicineCOVID-19 Open Access | 10.1172/JCI160565

Magdalena E. Sobieszczyk,1 Jill Maaske,2 Ann R. Falsey,3 Stephanie Sproule,4 Merlin L. Robb,5 Robert W. Frenck Jr.,6 Hong-Van Tieu,1,7 Kenneth H. Mayer,8 Lawrence Corey,9,10 Kathleen M. Neuzil,11 Tina Tong,12 Margaret Brewinski Isaacs,12 Holly Janes,10 Himanshu Bansal,4 Lindsay M. Edwards,13 Justin A. Green,14 Elizabeth J. Kelly,15 Kathryn Shoemaker,4 Therese Takas,2 Tom White,13 Prakash Bhuyan,2 Tonya Villafana,16 and Ian Hirsch17 on behalf of the AstraZeneca AZD1222 Clinical Study Group18

1Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York–Presbyterian/Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York, USA.

2Clinical Development, Vaccines & Immune Therapies, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA.

3University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester Regional Health, Rochester, New York, USA.

4Biometrics, Vaccines & Immune Therapies, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA.

5Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA.

6Division of Infectious Diseases, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.

7Lindsley F. Kimball Research Institute, New York Blood Center, New York, New York, USA.

8Fenway Health, The Fenway Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.

9University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA.

10Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA.

11University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.

12National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.

13Data Sciences and AI, BioPharmaceuticals R&D and

14Clinical Development, Vaccines & Immune Therapies, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, United Kingdom.

15Translational Medicine, Vaccines & Immune Therapies, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA.

16Vaccines & Immune Therapies, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA.

17Biometrics, Vaccines, & Immune Therapies, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, United Kingdom.

18The AstraZeneca AZD1222 Clinical Study Group is detailed in Supplemental Acknowledgments.

Address correspondence to: Ian Hirsch, Biometrics, Vaccines & Immune Therapies, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Academy House, 132–136 Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 8PA, United Kingdom. Email: ian.hirsch@astrazeneca.com.

Authorship note: MES, JM, and ARF contributed equally to this work and are co–first authors.

Find articles by Sobieszczyk, M. in: JCI | PubMed | Google Scholar

1Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York–Presbyterian/Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York, USA.

2Clinical Development, Vaccines & Immune Therapies, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA.

3University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester Regional Health, Rochester, New York, USA.

4Biometrics, Vaccines & Immune Therapies, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA.

5Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA.

6Division of Infectious Diseases, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.

7Lindsley F. Kimball Research Institute, New York Blood Center, New York, New York, USA.

8Fenway Health, The Fenway Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.

9University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA.

10Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA.

11University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.

12National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.

13Data Sciences and AI, BioPharmaceuticals R&D and

14Clinical Development, Vaccines & Immune Therapies, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, United Kingdom.

15Translational Medicine, Vaccines & Immune Therapies, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA.

16Vaccines & Immune Therapies, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA.

17Biometrics, Vaccines, & Immune Therapies, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, United Kingdom.

18The AstraZeneca AZD1222 Clinical Study Group is detailed in Supplemental Acknowledgments.

Address correspondence to: Ian Hirsch, Biometrics, Vaccines & Immune Therapies, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Academy House, 132–136 Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 8PA, United Kingdom. Email: ian.hirsch@astrazeneca.com.

Authorship note: MES, JM, and ARF contributed equally to this work and are co–first authors.

Find articles by Maaske, J. in: JCI | PubMed | Google Scholar

1Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York–Presbyterian/Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York, USA.

2Clinical Development, Vaccines & Immune Therapies, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA.

3University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester Regional Health, Rochester, New York, USA.

4Biometrics, Vaccines & Immune Therapies, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA.

5Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA.

6Division of Infectious Diseases, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.

7Lindsley F. Kimball Research Institute, New York Blood Center, New York, New York, USA.

8Fenway Health, The Fenway Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.

9University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA.

10Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA.

11University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.

12National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.

13Data Sciences and AI, BioPharmaceuticals R&D and

14Clinical Development, Vaccines & Immune Therapies, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, United Kingdom.

15Translational Medicine, Vaccines & Immune Therapies, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA.

16Vaccines & Immune Therapies, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA.

17Biometrics, Vaccines, & Immune Therapies, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, United Kingdom.

18The AstraZeneca AZD1222 Clinical Study Group is detailed in Supplemental Acknowledgments.

Address correspondence to: Ian Hirsch, Biometrics, Vaccines & Immune Therapies, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Academy House, 132–136 Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 8PA, United Kingdom. Email: ian.hirsch@astrazeneca.com.

Authorship note: MES, JM, and ARF contributed equally to this work and are co–first authors.

Find articles by Falsey, A. in: JCI | PubMed | Google Scholar

1Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York–Presbyterian/Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York, USA.

2Clinical Development, Vaccines & Immune Therapies, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA.

3University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester Regional Health, Rochester, New York, USA.

4Biometrics, Vaccines & Immune Therapies, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA.

5Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA.

6Division of Infectious Diseases, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.

7Lindsley F. Kimball Research Institute, New York Blood Center, New York, New York, USA.

8Fenway Health, The Fenway Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.

9University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA.

10Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA.

11University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.

12National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.

13Data Sciences and AI, BioPharmaceuticals R&D and

14Clinical Development, Vaccines & Immune Therapies, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, United Kingdom.

15Translational Medicine, Vaccines & Immune Therapies, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA.

16Vaccines & Immune Therapies, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA.

17Biometrics, Vaccines, & Immune Therapies, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, United Kingdom.

18The AstraZeneca AZD1222 Clinical Study Group is detailed in Supplemental Acknowledgments.

Address correspondence to: Ian Hirsch, Biometrics, Vaccines & Immune Therapies, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Academy House, 132–136 Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 8PA, United Kingdom. Email: ian.hirsch@astrazeneca.com.

Authorship note: MES, JM, and ARF contributed equally to this work and are co–first authors.

Find articles by Sproule, S. in: JCI | PubMed | Google Scholar

1Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York–Presbyterian/Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York, USA.

2Clinical Development, Vaccines & Immune Therapies, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA.

3University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester Regional Health, Rochester, New York, USA.

4Biometrics, Vaccines & Immune Therapies, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA.

5Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA.

6Division of Infectious Diseases, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.

7Lindsley F. Kimball Research Institute, New York Blood Center, New York, New York, USA.

8Fenway Health, The Fenway Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.

9University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA.

10Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA.

11University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.

12National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.

13Data Sciences and AI, BioPharmaceuticals R&D and

14Clinical Development, Vaccines & Immune Therapies, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, United Kingdom.

15Translational Medicine, Vaccines & Immune Therapies, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA.

16Vaccines & Immune Therapies, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA.

17Biometrics, Vaccines, & Immune Therapies, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, United Kingdom.

18The AstraZeneca AZD1222 Clinical Study Group is detailed in Supplemental Acknowledgments.

Address correspondence to: Ian Hirsch, Biometrics, Vaccines & Immune Therapies, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Academy House, 132–136 Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 8PA, United Kingdom. Email: ian.hirsch@astrazeneca.com.

Authorship note: MES, JM, and ARF contributed equally to this work and are co–first authors.

Find articles by Robb, M. in: JCI | PubMed | Google Scholar

1Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York–Presbyterian/Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York, USA.

2Clinical Development, Vaccines & Immune Therapies, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA.

3University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester Regional Health, Rochester, New York, USA.

4Biometrics, Vaccines & Immune Therapies, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA.

5Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA.

6Division of Infectious Diseases, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.

7Lindsley F. Kimball Research Institute, New York Blood Center, New York, New York, USA.

8Fenway Health, The Fenway Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.

9University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA.

10Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA.

11University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.

12National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.

13Data Sciences and AI, BioPharmaceuticals R&D and

14Clinical Development, Vaccines & Immune Therapies, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, United Kingdom.

15Translational Medicine, Vaccines & Immune Therapies, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA.

16Vaccines & Immune Therapies, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA.

17Biometrics, Vaccines, & Immune Therapies, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, United Kingdom.

18The AstraZeneca AZD1222 Clinical Study Group is detailed in Supplemental Acknowledgments.

Address correspondence to: Ian Hirsch, Biometrics, Vaccines & Immune Therapies, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Academy House, 132–136 Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 8PA, United Kingdom. Email: ian.hirsch@astrazeneca.com.

Authorship note: MES, JM, and ARF contributed equally to this work and are co–first authors.

Find articles by Frenck, R. in: JCI | PubMed | Google Scholar |

1Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York–Presbyterian/Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York, USA.

2Clinical Development, Vaccines & Immune Therapies, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA.

3University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester Regional Health, Rochester, New York, USA.

4Biometrics, Vaccines & Immune Therapies, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA.

5Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA.

6Division of Infectious Diseases, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.

7Lindsley F. Kimball Research Institute, New York Blood Center, New York, New York, USA.

8Fenway Health, The Fenway Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.

9University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA.

10Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA.

11University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.

12National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.

13Data Sciences and AI, BioPharmaceuticals R&D and

14Clinical Development, Vaccines & Immune Therapies, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, United Kingdom.

15Translational Medicine, Vaccines & Immune Therapies, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA.

16Vaccines & Immune Therapies, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA.

17Biometrics, Vaccines, & Immune Therapies, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, United Kingdom.

18The AstraZeneca AZD1222 Clinical Study Group is detailed in Supplemental Acknowledgments.

Address correspondence to: Ian Hirsch, Biometrics, Vaccines & Immune Therapies, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Academy House, 132–136 Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 8PA, United Kingdom. Email: ian.hirsch@astrazeneca.com.

Authorship note: MES, JM, and ARF contributed equally to this work and are co–first authors.

Find articles by Tieu, H. in: JCI | PubMed | Google Scholar

1Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York–Presbyterian/Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York, USA.

2Clinical Development, Vaccines & Immune Therapies, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA.

3University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester Regional Health, Rochester, New York, USA.

4Biometrics, Vaccines & Immune Therapies, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA.

5Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA.

6Division of Infectious Diseases, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.

7Lindsley F. Kimball Research Institute, New York Blood Center, New York, New York, USA.

8Fenway Health, The Fenway Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.

9University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA.

10Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA.

11University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.

12National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.

13Data Sciences and AI, BioPharmaceuticals R&D and

14Clinical Development, Vaccines & Immune Therapies, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, United Kingdom.

15Translational Medicine, Vaccines & Immune Therapies, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA.

16Vaccines & Immune Therapies, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA.

17Biometrics, Vaccines, & Immune Therapies, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, United Kingdom.

18The AstraZeneca AZD1222 Clinical Study Group is detailed in Supplemental Acknowledgments.

Address correspondence to: Ian Hirsch, Biometrics, Vaccines & Immune Therapies, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Academy House, 132–136 Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 8PA, United Kingdom. Email: ian.hirsch@astrazeneca.com.

Authorship note: MES, JM, and ARF contributed equally to this work and are co–first authors.

Find articles by Mayer, K. in: JCI | PubMed | Google Scholar

1Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York–Presbyterian/Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York, USA.

2Clinical Development, Vaccines & Immune Therapies, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA.

3University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester Regional Health, Rochester, New York, USA.

4Biometrics, Vaccines & Immune Therapies, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA.

5Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA.

6Division of Infectious Diseases, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.

7Lindsley F. Kimball Research Institute, New York Blood Center, New York, New York, USA.

8Fenway Health, The Fenway Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.

9University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA.

10Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA.

11University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.

12National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.

13Data Sciences and AI, BioPharmaceuticals R&D and

14Clinical Development, Vaccines & Immune Therapies, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, United Kingdom.

15Translational Medicine, Vaccines & Immune Therapies, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA.

16Vaccines & Immune Therapies, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA.

17Biometrics, Vaccines, & Immune Therapies, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, United Kingdom.

18The AstraZeneca AZD1222 Clinical Study Group is detailed in Supplemental Acknowledgments.

Address correspondence to: Ian Hirsch, Biometrics, Vaccines & Immune Therapies, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Academy House, 132–136 Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 8PA, United Kingdom. Email: ian.hirsch@astrazeneca.com.

Authorship note: MES, JM, and ARF contributed equally to this work and are co–first authors.

Find articles by Corey, L. in: JCI | PubMed | Google Scholar |

1Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York–Presbyterian/Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York, USA.

2Clinical Development, Vaccines & Immune Therapies, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA.

3University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester Regional Health, Rochester, New York, USA.

4Biometrics, Vaccines & Immune Therapies, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA.

5Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA.

6Division of Infectious Diseases, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.

7Lindsley F. Kimball Research Institute, New York Blood Center, New York, New York, USA.

8Fenway Health, The Fenway Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.

9University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA.

10Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA.

11University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.

12National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.

13Data Sciences and AI, BioPharmaceuticals R&D and

14Clinical Development, Vaccines & Immune Therapies, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, United Kingdom.

15Translational Medicine, Vaccines & Immune Therapies, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA.

16Vaccines & Immune Therapies, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA.

17Biometrics, Vaccines, & Immune Therapies, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, United Kingdom.

18The AstraZeneca AZD1222 Clinical Study Group is detailed in Supplemental Acknowledgments.

Address correspondence to: Ian Hirsch, Biometrics, Vaccines & Immune Therapies, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Academy House, 132–136 Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 8PA, United Kingdom. Email: ian.hirsch@astrazeneca.com.

Authorship note: MES, JM, and ARF contributed equally to this work and are co–first authors.

Find articles by Neuzil, K. in: JCI | PubMed | Google Scholar

1Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York–Presbyterian/Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York, USA.

2Clinical Development, Vaccines & Immune Therapies, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA.

3University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester Regional Health, Rochester, New York, USA.

4Biometrics, Vaccines & Immune Therapies, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA.

5Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA.

6Division of Infectious Diseases, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.

7Lindsley F. Kimball Research Institute, New York Blood Center, New York, New York, USA.

8Fenway Health, The Fenway Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.

9University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA.

10Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA.

11University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.

12National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.

13Data Sciences and AI, BioPharmaceuticals R&D and

14Clinical Development, Vaccines & Immune Therapies, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, United Kingdom.

15Translational Medicine, Vaccines & Immune Therapies, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA.

16Vaccines & Immune Therapies, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA.

17Biometrics, Vaccines, & Immune Therapies, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, United Kingdom.

18The AstraZeneca AZD1222 Clinical Study Group is detailed in Supplemental Acknowledgments.

Address correspondence to: Ian Hirsch, Biometrics, Vaccines & Immune Therapies, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Academy House, 132–136 Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 8PA, United Kingdom. Email: ian.hirsch@astrazeneca.com.

Authorship note: MES, JM, and ARF contributed equally to this work and are co–first authors.

Find articles by Tong, T. in: JCI | PubMed | Google Scholar

1Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York–Presbyterian/Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York, USA.

2Clinical Development, Vaccines & Immune Therapies, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA.

3University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester Regional Health, Rochester, New York, USA.

4Biometrics, Vaccines & Immune Therapies, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA.

5Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA.

6Division of Infectious Diseases, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.

7Lindsley F. Kimball Research Institute, New York Blood Center, New York, New York, USA.

8Fenway Health, The Fenway Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.

9University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA.

10Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA.

11University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.

12National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.

13Data Sciences and AI, BioPharmaceuticals R&D and

14Clinical Development, Vaccines & Immune Therapies, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, United Kingdom.

15Translational Medicine, Vaccines & Immune Therapies, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA.

16Vaccines & Immune Therapies, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA.

17Biometrics, Vaccines, & Immune Therapies, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, United Kingdom.

18The AstraZeneca AZD1222 Clinical Study Group is detailed in Supplemental Acknowledgments.

Address correspondence to: Ian Hirsch, Biometrics, Vaccines & Immune Therapies, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Academy House, 132–136 Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 8PA, United Kingdom. Email: ian.hirsch@astrazeneca.com.

Authorship note: MES, JM, and ARF contributed equally to this work and are co–first authors.

Find articles by Brewinski Isaacs, M. in: JCI | PubMed | Google Scholar

1Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York–Presbyterian/Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York, USA.

2Clinical Development, Vaccines & Immune Therapies, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA.

3University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester Regional Health, Rochester, New York, USA.

4Biometrics, Vaccines & Immune Therapies, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA.

5Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA.

6Division of Infectious Diseases, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.

7Lindsley F. Kimball Research Institute, New York Blood Center, New York, New York, USA.

8Fenway Health, The Fenway Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.

9University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA.

10Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA.

11University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.

12National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.

13Data Sciences and AI, BioPharmaceuticals R&D and

14Clinical Development, Vaccines & Immune Therapies, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, United Kingdom.

15Translational Medicine, Vaccines & Immune Therapies, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA.

16Vaccines & Immune Therapies, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA.

17Biometrics, Vaccines, & Immune Therapies, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, United Kingdom.

18The AstraZeneca AZD1222 Clinical Study Group is detailed in Supplemental Acknowledgments.

Address correspondence to: Ian Hirsch, Biometrics, Vaccines & Immune Therapies, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Academy House, 132–136 Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 8PA, United Kingdom. Email: ian.hirsch@astrazeneca.com.

Authorship note: MES, JM, and ARF contributed equally to this work and are co–first authors.

Find articles by Janes, H. in: JCI | PubMed | Google Scholar

1Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York–Presbyterian/Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York, USA.

2Clinical Development, Vaccines & Immune Therapies, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA.

3University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester Regional Health, Rochester, New York, USA.

4Biometrics, Vaccines & Immune Therapies, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA.

5Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA.

6Division of Infectious Diseases, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.

7Lindsley F. Kimball Research Institute, New York Blood Center, New York, New York, USA.

8Fenway Health, The Fenway Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.

9University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA.

10Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA.

11University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.

12National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.

13Data Sciences and AI, BioPharmaceuticals R&D and

14Clinical Development, Vaccines & Immune Therapies, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, United Kingdom.

15Translational Medicine, Vaccines & Immune Therapies, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA.

16Vaccines & Immune Therapies, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA.

17Biometrics, Vaccines, & Immune Therapies, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, United Kingdom.

18The AstraZeneca AZD1222 Clinical Study Group is detailed in Supplemental Acknowledgments.

Address correspondence to: Ian Hirsch, Biometrics, Vaccines & Immune Therapies, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Academy House, 132–136 Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 8PA, United Kingdom. Email: ian.hirsch@astrazeneca.com.

Authorship note: MES, JM, and ARF contributed equally to this work and are co–first authors.

Find articles by Bansal, H. in: JCI | PubMed | Google Scholar

1Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York–Presbyterian/Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York, USA.

2Clinical Development, Vaccines & Immune Therapies, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA.

3University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester Regional Health, Rochester, New York, USA.

4Biometrics, Vaccines & Immune Therapies, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA.

5Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA.

6Division of Infectious Diseases, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.

7Lindsley F. Kimball Research Institute, New York Blood Center, New York, New York, USA.

8Fenway Health, The Fenway Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.

9University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA.

10Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA.

11University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.

12National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.

13Data Sciences and AI, BioPharmaceuticals R&D and

14Clinical Development, Vaccines & Immune Therapies, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, United Kingdom.

15Translational Medicine, Vaccines & Immune Therapies, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA.

16Vaccines & Immune Therapies, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA.

17Biometrics, Vaccines, & Immune Therapies, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, United Kingdom.

18The AstraZeneca AZD1222 Clinical Study Group is detailed in Supplemental Acknowledgments.

Address correspondence to: Ian Hirsch, Biometrics, Vaccines & Immune Therapies, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Academy House, 132–136 Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 8PA, United Kingdom. Email: ian.hirsch@astrazeneca.com.

Authorship note: MES, JM, and ARF contributed equally to this work and are co–first authors.

Find articles by Edwards, L. in: JCI | PubMed | Google Scholar

1Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York–Presbyterian/Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York, USA.

2Clinical Development, Vaccines & Immune Therapies, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA.

3University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester Regional Health, Rochester, New York, USA.

4Biometrics, Vaccines & Immune Therapies, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA.

5Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA.

6Division of Infectious Diseases, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.

7Lindsley F. Kimball Research Institute, New York Blood Center, New York, New York, USA.

8Fenway Health, The Fenway Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.

9University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA.

10Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA.

11University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.

12National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.

13Data Sciences and AI, BioPharmaceuticals R&D and

14Clinical Development, Vaccines & Immune Therapies, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, United Kingdom.

15Translational Medicine, Vaccines & Immune Therapies, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA.

16Vaccines & Immune Therapies, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA.

17Biometrics, Vaccines, & Immune Therapies, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, United Kingdom.

18The AstraZeneca AZD1222 Clinical Study Group is detailed in Supplemental Acknowledgments.

Address correspondence to: Ian Hirsch, Biometrics, Vaccines & Immune Therapies, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Academy House, 132–136 Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 8PA, United Kingdom. Email: ian.hirsch@astrazeneca.com.

Authorship note: MES, JM, and ARF contributed equally to this work and are co–first authors.

Find articles by Green, J. in: JCI | PubMed | Google Scholar

1Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York–Presbyterian/Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York, USA.

2Clinical Development, Vaccines & Immune Therapies, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA.

3University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester Regional Health, Rochester, New York, USA.

4Biometrics, Vaccines & Immune Therapies, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA.

5Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA.

6Division of Infectious Diseases, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.

7Lindsley F. Kimball Research Institute, New York Blood Center, New York, New York, USA.

8Fenway Health, The Fenway Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.

9University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA.

10Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA.

11University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.

12National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.

13Data Sciences and AI, BioPharmaceuticals R&D and

14Clinical Development, Vaccines & Immune Therapies, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, United Kingdom.

15Translational Medicine, Vaccines & Immune Therapies, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA.

16Vaccines & Immune Therapies, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA.

17Biometrics, Vaccines, & Immune Therapies, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, United Kingdom.

18The AstraZeneca AZD1222 Clinical Study Group is detailed in Supplemental Acknowledgments.

Address correspondence to: Ian Hirsch, Biometrics, Vaccines & Immune Therapies, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Academy House, 132–136 Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 8PA, United Kingdom. Email: ian.hirsch@astrazeneca.com.

Authorship note: MES, JM, and ARF contributed equally to this work and are co–first authors.

Find articles by Kelly, E. in: JCI | PubMed | Google Scholar |

1Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York–Presbyterian/Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York, USA.

2Clinical Development, Vaccines & Immune Therapies, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, G