Department of Critical Care Medicine, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China (Mr Zhang and Drs Xiancheng Chen, Cao, You, Ming Chen, Zhu, and Yu); and Department of Critical Care Medicine, Nanjing Chest Hospital, The Affiliated Nanjing Brain Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China (Mr Han).

Correspondence: Wenkui Yu, PhD, Department of Critical Care Medicine, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, No. 321 Zhongshan Rd, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province 210008, China ([email protected]).

Dates: Submitted March 26, 2022; Revised June 23, 2022; Accepted, June 24, 2022.

This research was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (no. 81927808).

The MIMIC-III database has received ethical approval from the institutional review boards (IRBs) at Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center (BIDMC) and Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), and because the database does not contain protected health information, a waiver of the requirement for informed consent was included in the IRB approval.

The author contributions are as follows: Beiyuan Zhang and Yunhong Han contributed equally to this work. Beiyuan Zhang: Study concept and study design, manuscript writing; Yunhong Han: Collection and assembly of data, manuscript writing; Xiancheng Chen: Collection and assembly of data, verification of data; Ke Cao: Verification of data; Yong You and Ming Chen: Data analysis and interpretation; Zhanghua Zhu: English editing; and Wenkui Yu: Study concept and study design, article revision, and article approval.

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

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