Lind M, Wedel H, Rosengren A (2016) Excess mortality among persons with type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med 374:788–789. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMc1515130
Rawshani A, Sattar N, Franzen S et al (2018) Excess mortality and cardiovascular disease in young adults with type 1 diabetes in relation to age at onset: a nationwide, register-based cohort study. Lancet 392:477–486. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(18)31506-X
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Tuomilehto J (2013) The emerging global epidemic of type 1 diabetes. Curr Diab Rep 13:795–804. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11892-013-0433-5
Quattrin T, Haller MJ, Steck AK et al (2020) Golimumab and beta-cell function in youth with new-onset type 1 diabetes. N Engl J Med 383:2007–2017. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa2006136
CAS Article PubMed Google Scholar
Pociot F, Lernmark Å (2016) Genetic risk factors for type 1 diabetes. Lancet 387:2331–2339. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(16)30582-7
CAS Article PubMed Google Scholar
Rewers M, Ludvigsson J (2016) Environmental risk factors for type 1 diabetes. Lancet 387:2340–2348. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(16)30507-4
CAS Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Kondrashova A, Reunanen A, Romanov A et al (2005) A six-fold gradient in the incidence of type 1 diabetes at the eastern border of Finland. Ann Med 37:67–72. https://doi.org/10.1080/07853890410018952
Söderström U, Aman J, Hjern A (2012) Being born in Sweden increases the risk for type 1 diabetes – a study of migration of children to Sweden as a natural experiment. Acta Paediatr 101:73–77. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1651-2227.2011.02410.x
Oilinki T, Otonkoski T, Ilonen J, Knip M, Miettinen PJ (2012) Prevalence and characteristics of diabetes among Somali children and adolescents living in Helsinki, Finland. Pediatr Diabetes 13:176–180. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-5448.2011.00783.x
CAS Article PubMed Google Scholar
Gamble DR, Kinsley ML, FitzGerald MG, Bolton R, Taylor KW (1969) Viral antibodies in diabetes mellitus. BMJ 3:627–630. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.3.5671.627
CAS Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Yoon JW, Austin M, Onodera T, Notkins AL (1979) Isolation of a virus from the pancreas of a child with diabetic ketoacidosis. N Engl J Med 300:1173–1179. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJM197905243002102
CAS Article PubMed Google Scholar
Allen DW, Kim KW, Rawlinson WD, Craig ME (2018) Maternal virus infections in pregnancy and type 1 diabetes in their offspring: systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies. Rev Med Virol 28(3):e1974. https://doi.org/10.1002/rmv.1974
CAS Article PubMed Google Scholar
Beyerlein A, Donnachie E, Jergens S, Ziegler AG (2016) Infections in early life and development of type 1 diabetes. JAMA 315:1899–1901. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2016.2181
Mustonen N, Siljander H, Peet A et al (2018) Early childhood infections precede development of beta-cell autoimmunity and type 1 diabetes in children with HLA-conferred disease risk. Pediatr Diabetes 19(2):293–299. https://doi.org/10.1111/pedi.12547
CAS Article PubMed Google Scholar
Hyoty H, Hiltunen M, Knip M et al (1995) A prospective study of the role of coxsackie B and other enterovirus infections in the pathogenesis of IDDM. Diabetes 44(6):652–657. https://doi.org/10.2337/diab.44.6.652
CAS Article PubMed Google Scholar
Viskari HR, Roivainen M, Reunanen A et al (2002) Maternal first-trimester enterovirus infection and future risk of type 1 diabetes in the exposed fetus. Diabetes 51(8):2568–2571. https://doi.org/10.2337/diabetes.51.8.2568
CAS Article PubMed Google Scholar
Viskari H, Knip M, Tauriainen S et al (2012) Maternal enterovirus infection as a risk factor for type 1 diabetes in the exposed offspring. Diabetes Care 35(6):1328–1332. https://doi.org/10.2337/dc11-2389
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Salminen K, Sadeharju K, Lönnrot M et al (2003) Enterovirus infections are associated with the induction of β-cell autoimmunity in a prospective birth cohort study. J Med Virol 69(1):91–98. https://doi.org/10.1002/jmv.10260
Wahlberg J, Fredriksson J, Nikolic E, Vaarala O, Ludvigsson J (2005) Environmental factors related to the induction of beta-cell autoantibodies in 1-yr-old healthy children. Pediatr Diabetes 6(4):199–205. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-543X.2005.00129.x
Rešić-Lindehammer S, Honkanen H, Nix WA et al (2012) Seroconversion to islet autoantibodies after enterovirus infection in early pregnancy. Viral Immunol 25:254–261. https://doi.org/10.1089/vim.2012.0022
CAS Article PubMed Google Scholar
Christen U, Edelmann KH, McGavern DB et al (2004) A viral epitope that mimics a self-antigen can accelerate but not initiate autoimmune diabetes. J Clin Invest 114:1290–1298. https://doi.org/10.1172/JCI200422557
CAS Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Frisk G, Friman G, Tuvemo T, Fohlman J, Diderholm H (1992) Coxsackie B virus IgM in children at onset of type 1 (insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus: evidence for IgM induction by a recent or current infection. Diabetologia 35(3):249–253. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00400925
CAS Article PubMed Google Scholar
Samuelsson U, Johansson C, Carstensen J, Ludvigsson J (1994) Space–time clustering in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) in south-East Sweden. Int J Epidemiol 23(1):138–142. https://doi.org/10.1093/ije/23.1.138
CAS Article PubMed Google Scholar
Krogvold L, Edwin B, Buanes T et al (2015) Detection of a low-grade enteroviral infection in the islets of Langerhans of living patients newly diagnosed with type 1 diabetes. Diabetes 64:1682–1687. https://doi.org/10.2337/db14-1370
CAS Article PubMed Google Scholar
Ludvigsson J (2006) Why diabetes incidence increases – a unifying theory. Ann NY Acad Sci 1079(1):374–382. https://doi.org/10.1196/annals.1375.058
Lönnrot M, Lynch KF, Elding Larsson H et al (2017) Respiratory infections are temporally associated with initiation of type 1 diabetes autoimmunity: the TEDDY study. Diabetologia 60(10):1931–1940. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00125-017-4365-5
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Bélteky M, Wahlberg J, Ludvigsson J (2020) Maternal respiratory infections in early pregnancy increases the risk of type 1 diabetes. Pediatr Diabetes 21(7):1193–1201. https://doi.org/10.1111/pedi.13075
CAS Article PubMed Google Scholar
Coppieters KT, Wiberg A, Tracy SM, von Herrath MG (2012) Immunology in the clinic review series: focus on type 1 diabetes and viruses: the role of viruses in type 1 diabetes: a difficult dilemma. Clin Exp Immunol 168:5–11. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2249.2011.04554.x
CAS Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Dedrick S, Sundaresh B, Huang Q et al (2020) The role of gut microbiota and environmental factors in type 1 diabetes pathogenesis. Front Endocrinol 11:78. https://doi.org/10.3389/fendo.2020.00078
Cardwell CR, Carson DJ, Patterson CC (2008) No association between routinely recorded infections in early life and subsequent risk of childhood-onset type 1 diabetes: a matched case–control study using the UK General Practice Research Database. Diabet Med 25:261–267. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1464-5491.2007.02351.x
CAS Article PubMed Google Scholar
TRIGR Study Group, Akerblom HK, Krischer J, Virtanen SM et al (2011) The Trial to Reduce IDDM in the Genetically at Risk (TRIGR) study: recruitment, intervention and follow-up. Diabetologia 54(3):627–633. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00125-010-1964-9
Writing Group for the TRIGR Study Group, Knip M, Åkerblom HK, Al-Taji E et al (2018) Effect of hydrolyzed infant formula vs conventional formula on risk of type 1 diabetes: the TRIGR randomized clinical trial. JAMA 319(1):38–48. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2017.19826
Article PubMed Central Google Scholar
Greenbaum CJ, Palmer JP, Nagataki S et al (1992) Improved specificity of ICA assays in the Fourth International Immunology of Diabetes Serum Exchange Workshop. Diabetes 12:1570–1574. https://doi.org/10.2337/diab.41.12.1570
Knip M, Åkerblom HK, Becker D et al (2014) Hydrolyzed infant formula and early β-cell autoimmunity: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA 311(22):2279–2278. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2014.5610
CAS Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Parkkola A, Härkönen T, Ryhänen SJ, Ilonen J, Knip M (2013) Finnish Pediatric Diabetes Register. Extended family history of type 1 diabetes and phenotype and genotype of newly diagnosed children. Diabetes Care 36(2):348–354. https://doi.org/10.2337/dc12-0445
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Alberti KG, Zimmet PZ (1998) Definition, diagnosis and classification of diabetes mellitus and its complications, part 1: diagnosis and classification of diabetes mellitus provisional report of a WHO consultation. Diabet Med 15:539–553. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1096-9136(199807)15:7<539::AID-DIA668>3.0.CO;2-S
CAS Article PubMed Google Scholar
Henrick BM, Yao XD, Nasser L, Roozrogousheh A, Rosenthal KL (2017) Breastfeeding behaviors and the innate immune system of human milk: working together to protect infants against inflammation, HIV-1, and other infections. Front Immunol 8:1631. https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2017.01631
留言 (0)