Carapetis JR, Beaton A, Cunningham MW, Guilherme L, Karthikeyan G, Mayosi BM, et al. Acute rheumatic fever and rheumatic heart disease. Nature Reviews Disease Primers. 2016; 2: 15084. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/nrdp.2015.84 

Marijon E, Mocumbi A, Narayanan K, Jouven X, Celermajer DS. Persisting burden and challenges of rheumatic heart disease. European Heart Journal. 2021; 42: 3338–48. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehab407 

Roth GA, Mensah GA, Johnson CO, Addolorato G, Ammirati E, Baddour LM, et al. Global burden of cardiovascular diseases and risk factors, 1990–2019: Update from the GBD 2019 study. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2020; 76: 2982–3021. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2020.11.010 

Watkins DA, Johnson CO, Colquhoun SM, Karthikeyan G, Beaton A, Bukhman G, et al. Global, regional, and national burden of rheumatic heart disease, 1990–2015. New England Journal of Medicine. 2017; 377: 713–22. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1603693 

Ordunez P, Martinez R, Soliz P, Giraldo G, Mujica OJ, Nordet P. Rheumatic heart disease burden, trends, and inequalities in the Americas, 1990–2017: A population-based study. The Lancet Global Health. 2019; 7: e1388–97. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S2214-109X(19)30360-2 

Okello E, Wanzhu Z, Musoke C, Twalib A, Kakande B, Lwabi P, et al. Cardiovascular complications in newly diagnosed rheumatic heart disease patients at Mulago Hospital, Uganda. Cardiovascular Journal of Africa. 2013; 24: 80–5. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5830/CVJA-2013-004 

Rwebembera J, Beaton AZ, de Loizaga SR, Rocha RTL, Doreen N, Ssinabulya I, et al. The global impact of rheumatic heart disease. Current Cardiology Reports. 2021; 23: 160. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11886-021-01592-2 

Remenyi B, Carapetis J, Wyber R, Taubert K, Mayosi BM. Position statement of the World Heart Federation on the prevention and control of rheumatic heart disease. Nature Reviews Cardiology. 2013; 10: 284–92. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/nrcardio.2013.34 

World Health Organization. Seventy-First World Health Assembly WHA71.14: Rheumatic Fever and Rheumatic Heart Disease; 2018. 

Kotit S, Phillips DIW, Afifi A, Yacoub M. The “Cairo Accord”- Towards the eradication of RHD: An update. Frontiers in Cardiovascular Medicine. 2021; 8: 690227. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fcvm.2021.690227 

Page MJ, McKenzie JE, Bossuyt PM, Boutron I, Hoffmann TC, Mulrow CD, et al. The PRISMA 2020 statement: An updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews. BMJ. 2021; 372: n71. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.n71 

Jaimes-Reyes MA, Urina-Jassir M, Urina-Triana M, Urina-Triana M. Current situation of acute rheumatic fever and rheumatic heart disease in Latin America and the Caribbean: A systematic review. PROSPERO 2021 CRD42021250043 2021. https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/display_record.php?ID=CRD42021250043 (accessed March 31, 2022). 

Ouzzani M, Hammady H, Fedorowicz Z, Elmagarmid A. Rayyan-a web and mobile app for systematic reviews. Systematic Reviews. 2016; 5: 210. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s13643-016-0384-4 

Wells G, Shea B, O’Connell D, Peterson J, Welch V, Losos M, et al. The Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS) for assessing the quality of nonrandomised studies in meta-analyses. The Ottawa Hospital Research Institute; 2021. http://www.ohri.ca/programs/clinical_epidemiology/oxford.asp (accessed April 18, 2021). 

Downes MJ, Brennan ML, Williams HC, Dean RS. Development of a critical appraisal tool to assess the quality of cross-sectional studies (AXIS). BMJ Open. 2016; 6: e011458. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2016-011458 

Sterne JAC, Savović J, Page MJ, Elbers RG, Blencowe NS, Boutron I, et al. RoB 2: A revised tool for assessing risk of bias in randomised trials. BMJ. 2019; l4898. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.l4898 

Eldridge S, Campbell MK, Campbell MJ, Drahota AK, Giraudeau B, Reeves BC, et al. Revised Cochrane risk of bias tool for randomized trials (RoB 2). Additional considerations for cluster-randomized trials (RoB 2 CRT); 2021. https://sites.google.com/site/riskofbiastool/welcome/rob-2-0-tool/rob-2-for-cluster-randomized-trials (accessed August 24, 2021). 

Alves Meira ZM, de Castilho SR, Lins Barros MV, Maria Vitarelli A, Diniz Capanema F, Moreira NS, et al. Prevalência da Febre Reumática em Crianças de uma Escola da Rede Pública de Belo Horizonte. Arq Bras Cardiol. 1995; 65: 331–4. 

Bach JF, Chalons S, Mosser A, Forier E, Elana G, Jouanelle J, et al. 10-year educational programme aimed at rheumatic fever in two French Caribbean islands. The Lancet. 1996; 347: 644–8. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(96)91202-7 

Beaton A, Nascimento BR, Diamantino AC, Pereira GTR, Lopes ELV, Miri CO, et al. Efficacy of a standardized computer-based training curriculum to teach echocardiographic identification of rheumatic heart disease to nonexpert users. The American Journal of Cardiology. 2016; 117: 1783–9. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amjcard.2016.03.006 

Berrios X, del Campo E, Guzman B, Bisno AL. Discontinuing rheumatic fever prophylaxis in selected adolescents and young adults: A prospective study. Annals of Internal Medicine. 1993; 118: 401–6. DOI: https://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-118-6-199303150-00001 

Canale LS, Colafranceschi AS, Monteiro AJO, Marques BM, Canale CS, Koehler EC, et al. Surgical treatment of atrial fibrillation using bipolar radiofrequency ablation in rheumatic mitral disease. Revista Brasileira de Cirurgia Cardiovascular. 2011; 26: 565–72. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5935/1678-9741.20110046 

Casalino R, Tarasoutchi F, Spina G, Katz M, Bacelar A, Sampaio R, et al. EuroSCORE models in a cohort of patients with valvular heart disease and a high prevalence of rheumatic fever submitted to surgical procedures. PLOS ONE. 2015; 10: e0118357. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0118357 

Chavez EK, Colafranceschi AS, Monteiro AJ de O, Canale LS, Mesquita ET, Weksler C, et al. Surgical treatment of atrial fibrillation in patients with rheumatic valve disease. Brazilian Journal of Cardiovascular Surgery. 2017; 32: 202–9. DOI: https://doi.org/10.21470/1678-9741-2017-0016 

Cruz RCC, Cordeiro BS, Santos F de S, Fernandes CR, Gama JMA, Ladeia AMT. Predictors of unfavourable outcomes in children and adolescents submitted to surgical mitral valvuloplasty secondary to chronic rheumatic heart disease. Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiología. 2019; 113: 748–56. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5935/abc.20190184 

de Araújo Fonseca LG, Lima INDF, Gualdi LP. Characterization of Brazilian hospital admissions due to cardiovascular diseases: A longitudinal study. BMC Cardiovascular Disorders. 2020; 20: 311. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12872-020-01588-w 

Defilló Ricart M, López Mateo M, Garrido Contreras E, Contreras Graves P, Batista Batista D, Fernández Estrada J. Fiebre reumatica en niños menores de 5 años: Revisión clínica de 20 años (1969–1989) Hospital Infantil Dr. Robert Reid Cabral, Santo Domingo. Acta Medica Dominicana. 1991; 13: 1–6. 

Durães AR, Durães MAO, Correia LC, Fernandes AMS, Aras Júnior R. Impact of aspirin use in the incidence of thromboembolic events after bioprosthesis replacement in patients with rheumatic disease. Revista Brasileira de Cirurgia Cardiovascular. 2013; 28: 347–52. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5935/1678-9741.20130054 

Fernandes AMS, Oliveira RM, de Andrade GM, Biscaia GT, Medrado Junior FA, dos Reis FFB, et al. In-hospital mortality in patients with rheumatic heart disease undergoing double valve replacement. International Journal of Cardiovascular Sciences. 2015; 28: 298–304. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5935/2359-4802.20150043 

Figueiredo ET de, Azevedo L, Rezende ML, Alves CG. Rheumatic fever: A disease without color. Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiología. 2019; 113: 345–54. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5935/abc.20190141 

Giachetto G, Franco S, Guariglia R. Aspectos epidemiológicos y clínicos de la fiebre reumática: Centro Hospitalario Pereira Rossell 1990–1993. Arch Pediatr Uruguay. 1994; 65: 11–5. 

Haddad N, Bittar OJNV. Diagnósticos mais freqüentes em pacientes internados em hospital especializado em cardiologia: evolução em 15 anos (1988 a 2003). Rev adm saúde. 2005; 7: 7–11. 

Haddad N, Silva MB da. Mortality due to cardiovascular disease in women during the reproductive age (15 to 49 years), in the state of São Paulo, Brazil, from 1991 to 1995. Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiología. 2000; 75: 375–9. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1590/S0066-782X2000001100002 

Isaacura C, Granero R. Tendencia en la mortalidad por fiebre reumática aguda y cardiopatía reumática crónica en Venezuela, 1955–1994. Cadernos de Saúde Pública. 1998; 14: 165–9. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1590/S0102-311X1998000100024 

Jatene MB, Marcial MB, Tarasoutchi F, Cardoso RA, Pomerantzeff P, Jatene AD. Influence of the maze procedure on the treatment of rheumatic atrial fibrillation – Evaluation of rhythm control and clinical outcome in a comparative study. European Journal of Cardio-Thoracic Surgery. 2000; 17: 117–24. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S1010-7940(00)00326-2 

Lavitola P de L, Sampaio RO, Oliveira WA de, Bôer BN, Tarasoutchi F, Spina GS, et al. Warfarin or aspirin in embolism prevention in patients with mitral valvulopathy and atrial fibrillation. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2010; 95: 749–55. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1590/S0066-782X2010005000140 

Lolio CA de, Laurenti R, Buchala CM, Santo AH, Mello Jorge MHP de. Mortalidade de mulheres em idade fértil no Município de São Paulo (Brasil), 1986: III- Mortes por diferentes causas: doenças cardiovasculares. Revista de Saúde Pública. 1991; 25: 37–40. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1590/S0034-89101991000100008 

Luque C, Cisternas FA, Araya M. Cambios del patrón de enfermedad en la postransición epidemiológica en salud en Chile, 1950–2003. Revista Médica de Chile. 2006; 134: 703–12. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4067/S0034-98872006000600005 

Meira ZMA, Goulart EMA, Colosimo EA, Mota CCC. Long-term follow-up of rheumatic fever and predictors of severe rheumatic valvar disease in Brazilian children and adolescents. Heart. 2005; 91: 1019–22. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1136/hrt.2004.042762 

Mejia OAV, Antunes MJ, Goncharov M, Dallan LRP, Veronese E, Lapenna GA, et al. Predictive performance of six mortality risk scores and the development of a novel model in a prospective cohort of patients undergoing valve surgery secondary to rheumatic fever. PLOS ONE. 2018; 13: e0199277. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0199277 

Meneguz-Moreno RA, Costa JR, Gomes NL, Braga SLN, Ramos AIO, Meneghelo Z, et al. Very long-term follow-up after percutaneous balloon mitral valvuloplasty. JACC: Cardiovascular Interventions. 2018; 11: 1945–52. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcin.2018.05.039 

Millard-Bullock D. The rheumatic fever and rheumatic heart disease control programme – Jamaica. West Indian Medical Journal. 2012; 61: 361–4. DOI: https://doi.org/10.7727/wimj.2012.134 

Miranda LP, Camargos PAM, Torres RM, Meira ZMA. Prevalence of rheumatic heart disease in a public school of Belo Horizonte. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2014; 103: 89–97. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5935/abc.20140116 

Mota CCC, Meira ZMA, Graciano RN, Graciano FF, Araújo FDR. Rheumatic fever prevention program: long-term evolution and outcomes. Front Pediatr. 2015; 2: 141. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fped.2014.00141 

Nascimento BR, Sable C, Nunes MCP, Oliveira KKB, Franco J, Barbosa MM, et al. Echocardiographic screening of pregnant women by non-physicians with remote interpretation in primary care. Family Practice. 2021; 38: 225–30. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/fampra/cmaa115 

Nascimento BR, Sable C, Nunes MCP, Diamantino AC, Oliveira KKB, Oliveira CM, et al. Comparison between different strategies of rheumatic heart disease echocardiographic screening in Brazil: Data from the PROVAR (Rheumatic Valve Disease Screening Program) Study. J Am Heart Assoc. 2018; 7: e008039. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1161/JAHA.117.008039 

Noah PK. Trends in acute rheumatic fever. The Barbados experience. J Trop Pediatr. 1994; 40: 94–6. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/tropej/40.2.94 

Nordet P, Lopez R, Dueñas A, Sarmiento L. Prevention and control of rheumatic fever and rheumatic heart disease: The Cuban experience (1986–1996–2002). Cardiovascular Journal of Africa. 2008; 19: 135–40. 

Nunes MCP, Hung J, Barbosa MM, Esteves WA, Carvalho VT, Lodi-Junqueira L, et al. Impact of net atrioventricular compliance on clinical outcome in mitral stenosis. Circulation: Cardiovascular Imaging. 2013; 6: 1001–8. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCIMAGING.112.000328 

Oliveira KKB, Nascimento BR, Beaton AZ, Nunes MCP, Silva JLP, Rabelo LC, et al. Health education about rheumatic heart disease: A community-based cluster randomized trial: Rheumatic heart disease educational strategies. Global Heart. 2020; 15: 41. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5334/gh.347 

Paar JA, Berrios NM, Rose JD, Cáceres M, Peña R, Pérez W, et al. Prevalence of rheumatic heart disease in children and young adults in Nicaragua. The American Journal of Cardiology. 2010; 105: 1809–14. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amjcard.2010.01.364 

Pato MF, Gelape CL, Cassiano TJ, Carvalho A, Cintra PR, Passaglia LG, et al. Determinants of prolonged length of hospital stay after cardiac surgery: Impact of rheumatic heart disease. Medical Express (Sao Paulo, Online). 2015; 2: M150304. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5935/MedicalExpress.2015.03.04 

Ribeiro GS, Tartof SY, Oliveira DWS, Guedes ACS, Reis MG, Riley LW, et al. Surgery for valvular heart disease: A population-based study in a Brazilian urban center. PLoS ONE. 2012; 7: e37855. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0037855 

Salinas Mondragón C, Lapoint Montes M. Demanda hospitalaria, manifestaciones clínicas y prevención de fiebre reumática y cardiopatía reumática en el Instituto de Salud del Niño 1989–1993. Diagnóstico (Perú). 1995; 34: 15–24. 

Seguel E, Alarcón E, González R, Stockins A, Neira S. L. Reemplazo valvular mitral en valvulopatía reumática: ¿es beneficioso conservar el velo posterior? Revista Chilena de Cardiología. 2008; 27: 460–9. 

Severino ESB de O, Petrucci O, Vilarinho KA de S, Lavagnoli CFR, Silveira Filho L da M, Oliveira PPM de, et al. Late outcomes of mitral repair in rheumatic patients. Revista Brasileira de Cirurgia Cardiovascular. 2011; 26: 559–64. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5935/1678-9741.20110045 

Silva AP, Silva ML, Silva DB da. Frequência de internações por febre reumática em um hospital pediátrico de referência em um período de 20 anos. Revista Paulista de Pediatria. 2010; 28: 141–7. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1590/S0103-05822010000200003 

Soto López ME, Cordera González de Cosío F, Estrada L, Guel L, Abud Mendoza C, Reyes PA. Fiebre reumática en el quinquenio 1994–1999 en dos hospitales en San Luis Potosí y en México D.F. Archivos de Cardiologia de Mexico. 2001; 71: 127–35. 

Souza MJ de, Benchetrit LC, Oliveira A de. Estreptococos beta-hemolíticos e doença reumática cardíaca em crianças no Rio de Janeiro, Brasil. Folha méd. 1990; 101: 79–92. 

Spitzer E, Mercado J, Islas F, Rothenbühler M, Kurmann R, Zürcher F, et al. Screening for rheumatic heart disease among Peruvian children: A two-stage sampling observational study. PLOS ONE. 2015; 10: e0133004. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0133004 

Stokes Baltazar WR. Diagnóstico de fiebre reumática en una clínica privada de Izabal, Departamento de Guatemala. Revista de Medicina Interna de Guatemala. 2007; 16: 19–29. 

Travancas PR, Dorigo AH, Simões LC, Fonseca SC, Bloch K v, Herdy G v. Comparison of mechanical and biological prostheses when used to replace heart valves in children and adolescents with rheumatic fever. Cardiol Young. 2009; 19: 192–7. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S1047951109003680 

Vasconcelos M, Vasconcelos L, Ribeiro V, Campos C, Di-Flora F, Abreu L, et al. Incidence and predictors of stroke in patients with rheumatic heart disease. Heart. 2021; 107: 748–54. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1136/heartjnl-2020-318054 

WHO Cardiovascular Diseases Unit and principal investigators. WHO programme for the prevention of rheumatic fever/rheumatic heart disease in 16 developing countries: Report from Phase I (1986–90). Bull World Health Organ. 1992; 70: 213–8. 

Zabal C, Attie F, Barragán R, Buendía A, Peña Duque M. Resultado tardio del cambio valvular mitral en 155 sujetos menores de 16 años. Estudio comparativo con cuatro protesis. Archivos del Instituto de Cardiologia de Mexico. 1992; 62: 333–8. 

Noubiap JJ, Agbor VN, Bigna JJ, Kaze AD, Nyaga UF, Mayosi BM. Prevalence and progression of rheumatic heart disease: A global systematic review and meta-analysis of population-based echocardiographic studies. Scientific Reports. 2019; 9: 17022. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-53540-4 

Beaton A, Okello E, Rwebembera J, Grobler A, Engelman D, Alepere J, et al. Secondary antibiotic prophylaxis for latent rheumatic heart disease. New England Journal of Medicine. 2022; 386: 230–40. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa2102074 

Negi PC, Sondhi S, Asotra S, Mahajan K, Mehta A. Current status of rheumatic heart disease in India. Indian Heart Journal. 2019; 71: 85–90. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ihj.2018.12.007 

Zühlke LJ, Engel ME, Watkins D, Mayosi BM. Incidence, prevalence and outcome of rheumatic heart disease in South Africa: A systematic review of contemporary studies. International Journal of Cardiology. 2015; 199: 375–83. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijcard.2015.06.145 

Katzenellenbogen JM, Bond-Smith D, Seth RJ, Dempsey K, Cannon J, Stacey I, et al. Contemporary incidence and prevalence of rheumatic fever and rheumatic heart disease in Australia using linked data: The case for policy change. J Am Heart Assoc. 2020; 9: e016851. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1161/JAHA.120.016851 

Watkins D, Zuhlke L, Engel M, Daniels R, Francis V, Shaboodien G, et al. Seven key actions to eradicate rheumatic heart disease in Africa: The Addis Ababa communiqué. Cardiovascular Journal of Africa. 2016; 27: 184–7. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5830/CVJA-2015-090 

Kumar RK, Antunes MJ, Beaton A, Mirabel M, Nkomo VT, Okello E, et al. Contemporary diagnosis and management of rheumatic heart disease: Implications for closing the gap: A scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2020; 142: e337–57. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1161/CIR.0000000000000921 

Zühlke L, Engel ME, Karthikeyan G, Rangarajan S, Mackie P, Cupido B, et al. Characteristics, complications, and gaps in evidence-based interventions in rheumatic heart disease: The Global Rheumatic Heart Disease Registry (the REMEDY study). European Heart Journal. 2015; 36: 1115–22. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehu449 

Kingué S, Ba SA, Balde D, Diarra MB, Anzouan-Kacou JB, Anisubia B, et al. The VALVAFRIC study: A registry of rheumatic heart disease in Western and Central Africa. Archives of Cardiovascular Diseases. 2016; 109: 321–9. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.acvd.2015.12.004 

Opara CC, Aghassibake N, Watkins DA. Economic consequences of rheumatic heart disease: A scoping review. International Journal of Cardiology. 2021; 323: 235–41. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijcard.2020.09.020 

Coates MM, Sliwa K, Watkins DA, Zühlke L, Perel P, Berteletti F, et al. An investment case for the prevention and management of rheumatic heart disease in the African Union 2021–30: A modelling study. The Lancet Global Health. 2021; 9: e957–66. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S2214-109X(21)00199-6 

Abrams J, Watkins DA, Abdullahi LH, Zühlke LJ, Engel ME. Integrating the prevention and control of rheumatic heart disease into country health systems: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Global Heart. 2020; 15: 62. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5334/gh.874 

Watkins DA, Mvundura M, Nordet P, Mayosi BM. A cost-effectiveness analysis of a program to control rheumatic fever and rheumatic heart disease in Pinar del Rio, Cuba. PLOS ONE. 2015; 10: e0121363. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0121363 

Ubels J, Sable C, Beaton AZ, Nunes MCP, Oliveira KKB, Rabelo LC, et al. Cost-effectiveness of rheumatic heart disease echocardiographic screening in Brazil: Data from the PROVAR+ study: Cost-effectiveness of RHD screening in Brazil. Glob Heart. 2020; 15: 18. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5334/gh.529 

Zühlke LJ, Steer AC. Estimates of the global burden of rheumatic heart disease. Global Heart. 2013; 8: 189–95. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gheart.2013.08.008