Supported by Frontiers in Anesthesia Research Award from International Anesthesia Research Society (W.C.), Faculty Research Award from Shock Society (L.Z.), the Foundation for the National Institutes of Health (R35GM124775 [L.Z.]; R01GM117233, R01GM122908, and R35GM140822 [W.C.]; R01NS110567 [W.C. and L.Z.]; R01HL155051 [A.A.B.]; and R01HL076259 [K.G.B.]), and an S10 grant (S10 OD026698).

Author Contributions: H.H. designed and performed most experiments, analyzed the data, prepared figures, and drafted the manuscript. L.G. performed in vivo experiments, qRT-PCR, ELISA, and data analysis. X.F., S.-H.L., and Y.Y. performed intratracheal injection, flow cytometry, and data analysis. S.W. performed cytokine array, contributed to in vitro ECIS experiments, and analyzed data. J.Z. performed mouse surgeries, cell cultures, qRT-PCR, ELISA, and ECIS experiments. P.C. performed mouse surgeries, assisted with flow cytometry, and contributed to data analysis. J.H. performed mouse surgeries and detected miRNA in BAL. A.S., B.K.S., and B.W. contributed to the experimental design. W.H., M.A.K., and H.H. contributed to bioinformatics analysis. A.A.B., K.G.B., Y.K., and C.-o.Z. contributed to ECIS and XperT assays. K.G.B. contributed to the experimental design and carefully reviewed the manuscript. W.C. supervised the research project and edited the manuscript. L.Z. designed the project, analyzed the data, prepared figures, and finalized the manuscript.