aDepartment of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, School of Medicine

bDepartment of Bioengineering, Swanson School of Engineering, University of Pittsburgh

cCenter for the Neural Basis of Cognition

dClinical and Translational Science Institute, University of Pittsburgh

eDepartment of Anesthesiology, Weill Cornell Medicine, USA

Correspondence to Kane O. Pryor, 525 East 68th St, Box 124, New York, NY 10065, USA. Tel: +1 212 746 2969; e-mail: [email protected]