Ascherio A, Schwarzschild MA. The epidemiology of Parkinson’s disease: risk factors and prevention. Lancet Neurol. 2016;15:1257–72.

PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

Bjornevik K, Schwarzschild MA, Ascherio A. Big health data and Parkinson’s disease epidemiology: challenges and opportunities. Parkinsonism Relat Disord. 2020;71:58–9.

PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

Blauwendraat C, Heilbron K, Vallerga CL, Bandres-Ciga S, von Coelln R, Pihlstrom L, et al. Parkinson’s disease age at onset genome-wide association study: defining heritability, genetic loci, and alpha-synuclein mechanisms. Mov Disord. 2019;34:866–75.

CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Article  Google Scholar 

Shulman JM, De Jager PL, Feany MB. Parkinson’s disease: genetics and pathogenesis. Annu Rev Pathol Mech Dis. 2011;6:193–222.

CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

Tan SH, Karri V, Tay NWR, Chang KH, Ah HY, Ng PQ, et al. Emerging pathways to neurodegeneration: dissecting the critical molecular mechanisms in Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease. Biomed Pharmacother. 2019;111:765–77.

CAS  PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

Coulombre AJ. Experimental embryology of the vertebrate eye. Invest Ophthalmol. 1965;4:411–9.

CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Garcia-Martin E, Satue M, Otin S, Fuertes I, Alarcia R, Larrosa JM, et al. Retina measurements for diagnosis of Parkinson disease. Retina. 2014;34:971–80.

PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

Archibald NK, Clarke MP, Mosimann UP, Burn DJ. The retina in Parkinson’s disease. Brain. 2009;132:1128–45.

PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

Witkovsky P. Dopamine and retinal function. Doc Ophthalmol. 2004;108:17–39.

PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

Indrieri A, Pizzarelli R, Franco B, De Leonibus E. Dopamine, alpha-synuclein, and mitochondrial dysfunctions in parkinsonian eyes. Front Neurosci. 2020;14:567129.

PubMed  PubMed Central  Article  Google Scholar 

Inzelberg R, Ramirez JA, Nisipeanu P, Ophir A. Retinal nerve fiber layer thinning in Parkinson disease. Vision Res. 2004;44:2793–7.

PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

Afsari F, Christensen KV, Smith GP, Hentzer M, Nippe OM, Elliott CJH, et al. Abnormal visual gain control in a Parkinson’s disease model. Hum Mol Genet. 2014;23:4465–78.

CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Article  Google Scholar 

Roth NM, Saidha S, Zimmermann H, Brandt AU, Isensee J, Benkhellouf-Rutkowska A, et al. Photoreceptor layer thinning in idiopathic Parkinson’s disease: photoreceptors in Parkinson’s disease. Mov Disord. 2014;29:1163–70.

PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

Bodis-Wollner I. Visual acuity and contrast sensitivity in patients with cerebral lesions. Science. 1972;178:769–71.

CAS  PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

Schwartz RS, Halliday GM, Cordato DJ, Kril JJ. Small-vessel disease in patients with Parkinson’s disease: a clinicopathological study: Small-vessel disease in patients with PD. Mov Disord. 2012;27:1506–12.

PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

Spaide RF, Fujimoto JG, Waheed NK, Sadda SR, Staurenghi G. Optical coherence tomography angiography. Prog Retin Eye Res. 2018;64:1–55.

PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

Forrester JV, Dick AD, McMenamin PG, Roberts F, Pearlman E. Anatomy of the eye and orbit. Eye Basic Sci Pract. 2002;2:66–90.

Google Scholar 

Kronfeld PC. The gross anatomy and embryology of the eye. In: Vegetative physiology and biochemistry: Elsevier; 1962. p. 1–62. Available from: https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/B9781483230900500071. Cited 2021 Dec 12.

Google Scholar 

Kwapong WR, Ye H, Peng C, Zhuang X, Wang J, Shen M, et al. Retinal microvascular impairment in the early stages of Parkinson’s disease. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2018;59:4115–22.

CAS  PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

Kashani AH, Chen C-L, Gahm JK, Zheng F, Richter GM, Rosenfeld PJ, et al. Optical coherence tomography angiography: a comprehensive review of current methods and clinical applications. Prog Retin Eye Res. 2017;60:66–100.

PubMed  PubMed Central  Article  Google Scholar 

Copete S, Flores-Moreno I, Montero JA, Duker JS, Ruiz-Moreno JM. Direct comparison of spectral-domain and swept-source OCT in the measurement of choroidal thickness in normal eyes. Br J Ophthalmol. 2014;98:334–8.

PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

Lee MW, Park HJ, Shin YI, Lee WH, Lim HB, Kim JY. Comparison of choroidal thickness measurements using swept source and spectral domain optical coherence tomography in pachychoroid diseases. PLoS One. 2020;15:e0229134.

CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Article  Google Scholar 

Zhang Y, Zhang D, Gao Y, Yang L, Tao Y, Xu H, et al. Retinal flow density changes in early-stage Parkinson’s disease investigated by swept-source optical coherence tomography angiography. Curr Eye Res. 2021;46:1–6.

Zhou N, Xu X, Liu Y, Wei W, Peng X. Appearance of tumor vessels in patients with choroidal osteoma using swept-source optical coherence tomographic angiography. Front Oncol. 2021;11:762394.

PubMed  PubMed Central  Article  Google Scholar 

Pan M, Zhao F, Xie B, Wu H, Zhang S, Ye C, et al. Dietary ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids are protective for myopia. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2021;118:e2104689118.

CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Article  Google Scholar 

Du K-F, Huang X-J, Chen C, Kong W-J, Xie L-Y, Wei W-B. Macular structure and microvasculature changes in AIDS-related cytomegalovirus retinitis using optical coherence tomography angiography. Front Med. 2021;8:696447.

Article  Google Scholar 

Piro A, Tagarelli A, Nicoletti G, Chiriaco C, Novellino F, Quattrone A. Color vision as a biological marker able to differentiate two phenotypically similar neurological diseases. Neurol Sci. 2018;39:951–2.

PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

Price MJ, Feldman RG, Adelberg D, Kayne H. Abnormalities in color vision and contrast sensitivity in Parkinson’s disease. Neurology. 1992;42:887.

CAS  PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

Jackson CR, Ruan G-X, Aseem F, Abey J, Gamble K, Stanwood G, et al. Retinal dopamine mediates multiple dimensions of light-adapted vision. J Neurosci. 2012;32:9359–68.

CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Article  Google Scholar 

La Morgia C, Di Vito L, Carelli V, Carbonelli M. Patterns of retinal ganglion cell damage in neurodegenerative disorders: parvocellular vs magnocellular degeneration in optical coherence tomography studies. Front Neurol. 2017;8:710.

PubMed  PubMed Central  Article  Google Scholar 

Silva MF, Faria P, Regateiro FS, Forjaz V, Januário C, Freire A, et al. Independent patterns of damage within magno-, parvo- and koniocellular pathways in Parkinson’s disease. Brain. 2005;128:2260–71.

CAS  PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

Masri RA, Grünert U, Martin PR. Analysis of parvocellular and magnocellular visual pathways in human retina. J Neurosci. 2020;40:8132–48.

CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Article  Google Scholar 

Silveira LCL, Saito CA, Lee BB, Kremers J, da Silva Filho M, Kilavik BE, et al. Morphology and physiology of primate M- and P-cells. In: Progress in brain research: Elsevier; 2004. p. 21–46. Available from: https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0079612303144020. Cited 2022 Apr 24.

Google Scholar 

Mead B, Tomarev S. Evaluating retinal ganglion cell loss and dysfunction. Exp Eye Res. 2016;151:96–106.

CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Article  Google Scholar 

Kolb H, Fernandez E, Nelson R. The organization of the retina and visual system. In: Webvision-the organization of the retina and visual system; 2005.

Google Scholar 

Sanes JR, Masland RH. The types of retinal ganglion cells: current status and implications for neuronal classification. Annu Rev Neurosci. 2015;38:221–46.

CAS  PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

Kim US, Mahroo OA, Mollon JD, Yu-Wai-Man P. Retinal ganglion cells—diversity of cell types and clinical relevance. Front Neurol. 2021;12:661938.

PubMed  PubMed Central  Article  Google Scholar 

Crook JD, Peterson BB, Packer OS, Robinson FR, Troy JB, Dacey DM. Y-cell receptive field and collicular projection of parasol ganglion cells in macaque monkey retina. J Neurosci. 2008;28:11277–91.

CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Article  Google Scholar 

Owsley C. Aging and vision. Vision Res. 2011;51:1610–22.

PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

Mendoza-Santiesteban CE, Gabilondo I, Palma JA, Norcliffe-Kaufmann L, Kaufmann H. The retina in multiple system atrophy: systematic review and meta-analysis. Front Neurol. 2017;8:206.

PubMed  PubMed Central  Article  Google Scholar 

Polo V, Satue M, Rodrigo MJ, Otin S, Alarcia R, Bambo MP, et al. Visual dysfunction and its correlation with retinal changes in patients with Parkinson’s disease: an observational cross-sectional study. BMJ Open. 2016;6:e009658.

CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Article  Google Scholar 

Drexler W, Fujimoto JG. Optical coherence tomography: technology and applications. Berlin: Springer; 2015.

Potsaid B, Jayaraman V, Fujimoto JG, Jiang J, Heim PJS, Cable AE. In: Izatt JA, Fujimoto JG, Tuchin VV, editors. MEMS tunable VCSEL light source for ultrahigh speed 60kHz - 1MHz axial scan rate and long range centimeter class OCT imaging. San Francisco; 2012. p. 82130M. Available from: http://proceedings.spiedigitallibrary.org/proceeding.aspx?doi=10.1117/12.911098. Cited 2022 Apr 18.

Unterhuber A, Povazay B, Hermann B, Sattmann H, Chavez-Pirson A, Drexler W. In vivo retinal optical coherence tomography at 1040 nm - enhanced penetration into the choroid. Opt Express. 2005;13:3252.