Aashaq S, Batool A, Andrabi KI (2019) TAK1 mediates convergence of cellular signals for death and survival. Apoptosis 24:3–20. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10495-018-1490-7

CAS  Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Chen D, Zhang X, Li Z et al (2021) Metabolic regulatory crosstalk between tumor microenvironment and tumor-associated macrophages. Theranostics 11:1016–1030. https://doi.org/10.7150/thno.51777

CAS  Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Colak S, Ten Dijke P (2017) Targeting TGF-β signaling in cancer. Trends Cancer 3:56–71. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trecan.2016.11.008

CAS  Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Duan X, Yang J, Jiang B et al (2021) Identification of chondroitin polymerizing factor (CHPF) as tumor promotor in cholangiocarcinoma through regulating cell proliferation, cell apoptosis and cell migration. Cell Cycle 20:591–602. https://doi.org/10.1080/15384101.2021.1890951

CAS  Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Fan YH, Xiao B, Lv SG et al (2017) Lentivirus-mediated knockdown of chondroitin polymerizing factor inhibits glioma cell growth in vitro. Oncol Rep 38:1149–1155. https://doi.org/10.3892/or.2017.5731

CAS  Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Fujiki K, Inamura H, Sugaya T et al (2019) Blockade of ALK4/5 signaling suppresses cadmium- and erastin-induced cell death in renal proximal tubular epithelial cells via distinct signaling mechanisms. Cell Death Differ 26:2371–2385. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41418-019-0307-8

CAS  Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Hao Y, Baker D, Ten Dijke P (2019) TGF-β-mediated epithelial-mesenchymal transition and cancer metastasis. Int J Mol Sci. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms20112767

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Hinshaw DC, Shevde LA (2019) The tumor microenvironment innately modulates cancer progression. Cancer Res 79:4557–4566. https://doi.org/10.1158/0008-5472.Can-18-3962

CAS  Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Hou XM, Baloch Z, Zheng ZH et al (2019a) Knockdown of CHPF suppresses cell progression of non-small-cell lung cancer. Cancer Manag Res 11:3275–3283. https://doi.org/10.2147/cmar.S192036

CAS  Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Hou XM, Zhang T, Da Z et al (2019b) CHPF promotes lung adenocarcinoma proliferation and anti-apoptosis via the MAPK pathway. Pathol Res Pract 215:988–994. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.prp.2019.02.005

CAS  Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Hu B, Xu C, Cao P et al (2018) TGF-β stimulates expression of chondroitin polymerizing factor in nucleus pulposus cells through the Smad3, RhoA/ROCK1, and MAPK signaling pathways. J Cell Biochem 119:566–579. https://doi.org/10.1002/jcb.26215

CAS  Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Huang M, Fu M, Wang J et al (2021) TGF-β1-activated cancer-associated fibroblasts promote breast cancer invasion, metastasis and epithelial-mesenchymal transition by autophagy or overexpression of FAP-α. Biochem Pharmacol 188:114527. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bcp.2021.114527

CAS  Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Ishimaru D, Sugiura N, Akiyama H et al (2014) Alterations in the chondroitin sulfate chain in human osteoarthritic cartilage of the knee. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 22:250–258. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joca.2013.11.010

CAS  Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Izumikawa T, Kitagawa H, Mizuguchi S et al (2004) Nematode chondroitin polymerizing factor showing cell-/organ-specific expression is indispensable for chondroitin synthesis and embryonic cell division. J Biol Chem 279:53755–53761. https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M409615200

CAS  Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Jalalirad M, Haddad TC, Salisbury JL et al (2021) Aurora-A kinase oncogenic signaling mediates TGF-β-induced triple-negative breast cancer plasticity and chemoresistance. Oncogene 40:2509–2523. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41388-021-01711-x

CAS  Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Ji K, Chen J, Hu J et al (2015) The protective effect of astragaloside IV against benzo[a]pyrene induced endothelial progenitor cell dysfunction. Life Sci 132:13–19. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lfs.2015.04.002

CAS  Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Khawaled S, Nigita G, Distefano R et al (2020) Pleiotropic tumor suppressor functions of WWOX antagonize metastasis. Signal Transduct Target Ther 5:43. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41392-020-0136-8

CAS  Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Li M, Sun J, Zhang W et al (2021a) Drug delivery systems based on CD44-targeted glycosaminoglycans for cancer therapy. Carbohydr Polym 251:117103. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2020.117103

CAS  Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Li Y, Gong H, Feng L et al (2021b) Chondroitin polymerizing factor promotes breast carcinoma cell proliferation, invasion and migration and affects expression of epithelial-mesenchymal transition-related markers. FEBS Open Bio 11:423–434. https://doi.org/10.1002/2211-5463.13062

CAS  Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Li Y, Wang P, Ye D et al (2021c) IGHG1 induces EMT in gastric cancer cells by regulating TGF-β/SMAD3 signaling pathway. J Cancer 12:3458–3467. https://doi.org/10.7150/jca.56056

CAS  Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Liao SJ, Luo J, Li D et al (2019) TGF-β1 and TNF-α synergistically induce epithelial to mesenchymal transition of breast cancer cells by enhancing TAK1 activation. J Cell Commun Signal 13:369–380. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12079-019-00508-8

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Liao Z, Chen L, Zhang X et al (2020) PTPRε acts as a metastatic promoter in hepatocellular carcinoma by facilitating recruitment of SMAD3 to TGF-β receptor 1. Hepatology 72:997–1012. https://doi.org/10.1002/hep.31104

CAS  Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Liao WC, Yen HR, Chen CH et al (2021) CHPF promotes malignancy of breast cancer cells by modifying syndecan-4 and the tumor microenvironment. Am J Cancer Res 11:812–826

CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Lin X, Han T, Xia Q et al (2021) CHPF promotes gastric cancer tumorigenesis through the activation of E2F1. Cell Death Dis 12:876. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41419-021-04148-y

CAS  Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Liu YY, Zhang S, Yu TJ et al (2020) Pregnancy-specific glycoprotein 9 acts as both a transcriptional target and a regulator of the canonical TGF-β/Smad signaling to drive breast cancer progression. Clin Transl Med 10:e245. https://doi.org/10.1002/ctm2.245

CAS  Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Liu CH, Wu BR, Ho YJ et al (2021) CHPF regulates the aggressive phenotypes of hepatocellular carcinoma cells via the modulation of the decorin and TGF-β pathways. Cancers (basel). https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers13061261

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Lu X, Zhong Q, Liu J et al (2020) Efficient expression of chondroitinase ABC I for specific disaccharides detection of chondroitin sulfate. Int J Biol Macromol 143:41–48. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.11.215

CAS  Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Mashouri L, Yousefi H, Aref AR et al (2019) Exosomes: composition, biogenesis, and mechanisms in cancer metastasis and drug resistance. Mol Cancer 18:75. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12943-019-0991-5

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Ooshima A, Park J, Kim SJ (2019) Phosphorylation status at Smad3 linker region modulates transforming growth factor-β-induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition and cancer progression. Cancer Sci 110:481–488. https://doi.org/10.1111/cas.13922

CAS  Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Park SB, Hwang KT, Chung CK et al (2020) Causal bayesian gene networks associated with bone, brain and lung metastasis of breast cancer. Clin Exp Metastasis 37:657–674. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10585-020-10060-0

CAS  Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Pudełko A, Wisowski G, Olczyk K et al (2019) The dual role of the glycosaminoglycan chondroitin-6-sulfate in the development, progression and metastasis of cancer. Febs j 286:1815–1837. https://doi.org/10.1111/febs.14748

CAS  Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Sharma R, Kuche K, Thakor P et al (2022) Chondroitin sulfate: emerging biomaterial for biopharmaceutical purpose and tissue engineering. Carbohydr Polym 286:119305. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2022.119305

CAS  Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Silagi ES, Shapiro IM, Risbud MV (2018) Glycosaminoglycan synthesis in the nucleus pulposus: dysregulation and the pathogenesis of disc degeneration. Matrix Biol 71–72:368–379. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matbio.2018.02.025

CAS  Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Sun W, Zhao F, Xu Y et al (2020) Chondroitin polymerizing factor (CHPF) promotes development of malignant melanoma through regulation of CDK1. Cell Death Dis 11:496. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41419-020-2526-9

CAS  Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Tamura Y, Tsutsumi S, Miyazono K et al (2022) PolyI: C attenuates transforming growth factor-β signaling to induce cytostasis of surrounding cells by secreted factors in triple-negative breast cancer. Cancer Sci 113:940–949. https://doi.org/10.1111/cas.15241