From the Center for Surgery and Public Health (Z.C., J.P.H.-E.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School and Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Biomedical Informatics and Medical Education (J.P.), University of Washington, Seattle, Washington; Coalition for National Trauma Research (M.A.B., M.A.P.), San Antonio, Texas; Department of Surgery (S.B.), Rutgers University, Newark, New Jersey; Department of Surgery (M.M.K.), University of California, San Francisco, California; Department of Pediatrics (F.P.R.), Department of Epidemiology (A.R.-R.), and Department of Surgery (E.M.B.), University of Washington, Seattle, Washington.

Submitted: February 28, 2022, Revised: April 11, 2022, Accepted: April 17, 2022, Published online: May 12, 2022.

Supplemental digital content is available for this article. Direct URL citations appear in the printed text, and links to the digital files are provided in the HTML text of this article on the journal’s Web site (www.jtrauma.com).

Address for reprints: Zara Cooper, MD, MSc, Center for Surgery and Public Health at Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Suite 2-016, 1620 Tremont St, Boston, MA 02120; email: [email protected].