From the Department of Surgery (A.C.F., J.A.F., J.A.C., E.S.T., L.R.B., V.P.H.), Division of Trauma Surgery, Acute Care Surgery, Critical Care, and Burns, MetroHealth Medical Center; Digestive Disease and Surgery Institute (A.C.F.), Cleveland Clinic Foundation; and Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences (J.C., V.P.H.), Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio.

Submitted: December 1, 2021, Revised: March 10, 2022, Accepted: April 7, 2022, Published online: May 30, 2022.

This study was presented at the 35th Annual Scientific Assembly of the Eastern Association for the Surgery of Trauma (EAST), January 11–15, 2022, in Austin, Texas.

Supplemental digital content is available for this article. Direct URL citations appear in the printed text, and links to the digital files are provided in the HTML text of this article on the journal’s Web site (www.jtrauma.com).

Address for reprints: Vanessa Phillis Ho, MD, MPH, Department of Surgery Division of Trauma Surgery, Acute Care Surgery, Critical Care, and Burns, MetroHealth Medical Center, 2500 MetroHealth Dr, Cleveland, OH 44109; email: [email protected].