Youngson NA, Uddin GM, Das A, Martinez C, Connaughton HS, Whiting S, et al. Impacts of obesity, maternal obesity and nicotinamide mononucleotide supplementation on sperm quality in mice. Reproduction 2019;158:169–79.

PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

Sanli E, Kabaran S. Maternal obesity, maternal overnutrition and fetal programming: Effects of epigenetic mechanisms on the development of metabolic disorders. Curr Genomics. 2019;20:419–27.

CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Article  Google Scholar 

Chen F, Cao K, Zhang H, Yu H, Liu Y, Xue Q. Maternal high-fat diet increases vascular contractility in adult offspring in a sex-dependent manner. Hypertens Res. 2021;44:36–46.

PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

Wehbe Z, Nasser SA, El-Yazbi A, Nasreddine S, Eid AH. Estrogen and bisphenol a in hypertension. Curr Hypertens Rep. 2020;22:23.

PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

Zilberman JM. Menopause: Hypertension and vascular disease. Hipertens Riesgo Vasc. 2018;35:77–83.

CAS  PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

Ames MK, Atkins CE, Pitt B. The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system and its suppression. J Vet Intern Med. 2019;33:363–82.

PubMed  PubMed Central  Article  Google Scholar 

Almeida LF, Tofteng SS, Madsen K, Jensen BL. Role of the renin-angiotensin system in kidney development and programming of adult blood pressure. Clin Sci (Lond). 2020;134:641–56.

CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

Cosentino F, Savoia C, De Paolis P, Francia P, Russo A, Maffei A, et al. Angiotensin II type 2 receptors contribute to vascular responses in spontaneously hypertensive rats treated with angiotensin II type 1 receptor antagonists. Am J Hypertens. 2005;18:493–99.

CAS  PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

Neri C, Edlow AG. Effects of maternal obesity on fetal programming: Molecular approaches. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med. 2015;6:a026591.

PubMed  Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Desai M, Jellyman JK, Ross MG. Epigenomics, gestational programming and risk of metabolic syndrome. Int J Obes (Lond). 2015;39:633–41.

CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

Ramzan F, Vickers MH, Mithen RF. Epigenetics, microRNA and Metabolic Syndrome: A Comprehensive Review. Int J Mol Sci. 2021;22:1–20.

Bogdarina I, Welham S, King PJ, Burns SP, Clark AJ. Epigenetic modification of the renin-angiotensin system in the fetal programming of hypertension. Circ Res. 2007;100:520–26.

CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Article  Google Scholar 

Chen F, Yu H, Zhang H, Zhao R, Cao K, Liu Y, et al. Estrogen normalizes maternal HFD-induced cardiac hypertrophy in offspring by regulating AT2R. J Endocrinol. 2021;250:1–12.

CAS  PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

Theodorsson A, Hilke S, Rugarn O, Linghammar D, Theodorsson E. Serum concentrations of 17beta-estradiol in ovariectomized rats during two times six weeks crossover treatment by daily injections in comparison with slow-release pellets. Scand J Clin Lab Invest. 2005;65:699–705.

CAS  PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

Xiao D, Huang X, Yang S, Zhang L. Estrogen normalizes perinatal nicotine-induced hypertensive responses in adult female rat offspring. Hypertension 2013;61:1246–54.

CAS  PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

Li YX, Long DL, Liu J, Qiu D, Wang J, Cheng X, et al. Gestational diabetes mellitus in women increased the risk of neonatal infection via inflammation and autophagy in the placenta. Med (Baltim). 2020;99:e22152.

CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

Xue Q, Chen F, Zhang H, Liu Y, Chen P, Patterson AJ, et al. Maternal high-fat diet alters angiotensin II receptors and causes changes in fetal and neonatal ratsdagger. Biol Reprod. 2019;100:1193–203.

PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

Xue Q, Patterson AJ, Xiao D, Zhang L. Glucocorticoid modulates angiotensin II receptor expression patterns and protects the heart from ischemia and reperfusion injury. PLoS One. 2014;9:e106827.

PubMed  PubMed Central  Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Nemoda Z, Szyf M. Epigenetic alterations and prenatal maternal depression. Birth Defects Res. 2017;109:888–97.

CAS  PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

Zhao Y, Zhu Q, Sun S, Qiu Y, Li J, Liu W, et al. Renal transplantation increases angiotensin II receptor-mediated vascular contractility associated with changes of epigenetic mechanisms. Int J Mol Med. 2018;41:2375–88.

CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Xiao D, Dasgupta C, Li Y, Huang X, Zhang L. Perinatal nicotine exposure increases angiotensin II receptor-mediated vascular contractility in adult offspring. PLoS One. 2014;9:e108161.

PubMed  PubMed Central  Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Goldstein JM, Handa RJ, Tobet SA. Disruption of fetal hormonal programming (prenatal stress) implicates shared risk for sex differences in depression and cardiovascular disease. Front Neuroendocrinol. 2014;35:140–58.

CAS  PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

Ojeda NB, Grigore D, Robertson EB, Alexander BT. Estrogen protects against increased blood pressure in postpubertal female growth restricted offspring. Hypertension 2007;50:679–85.

CAS  PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

Xiao D, Huang X, Lawrence J, Yang S, Zhang L. Fetal and neonatal nicotine exposure differentially regulates vascular contractility in adult male and female offspring. J Pharm Exp Ther. 2007;320:654–61.

CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

Xiao D, Huang X, Yang S, Zhang L. Antenatal nicotine induces heightened oxidative stress and vascular dysfunction in rat offspring. Br J Pharm. 2011;164:1400–9.

CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

Li CM, Dong XL, Fan XD, Wu JH, Wang QH, Tian XL, et al. Aqueous extract of danshen (Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge) protects ovariectomized rats fed with high-fat diet from endothelial dysfunction. Menopause 2013;20:100–9.

CAS  PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

Xue B, Beltz TG, Guo F, Johnson AK. Sex differences in maternal gestational hypertension-induced sensitization of angiotensin II hypertension in rat offspring: The protective effect of estrogen. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol. 2018;314:R274–R281.

PubMed  Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Haskell SE, Peotta V, Reinking BE, Zhang C, Zhu V, Kenkel EJ, et al. Oral oestrogen reverses ovariectomy-induced morning surge hypertension in growth-restricted mice. Clin Sci (Lond). 2016;130:613–23.

CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

Hernandez I, Delgado JL, Diaz J, Quesada T, Teruel MJ, Llanos MC, et al. 17beta-estradiol prevents oxidative stress and decreases blood pressure in ovariectomized rats. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol. 2000;279:R1599–605.

CAS  PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

Smiley DA, Khalil RA. Estrogenic compounds, estrogen receptors and vascular cell signaling in the aging blood vessels. Curr Med Chem. 2009;16:1863–87.

CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Article  Google Scholar 

Fan L, Lindsley SR, Comstock SM, Takahashi DL, Evans AE, He GW, et al. Maternal high-fat diet impacts endothelial function in nonhuman primate offspring. Int J Obes (Lond). 2013;37:254–62.

CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

Moritz KM, Mazzuca MQ, Siebel AL, Mibus A, Arena D, Tare M, et al. Uteroplacental insufficiency causes a nephron deficit, modest renal insufficiency but no hypertension with ageing in female rats. J Physiol. 2009;587:2635–46.

CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Article  Google Scholar 

Chen Z, Wang L, Ke J, Xiao D. Effects of estrogen in gender-dependent fetal programming of adult cardiovascular dysfunction. Curr Vasc Pharm. 2019;17:147–52.

CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

Li W, Li D, Sun L, Li Z, Yu L, Wu S. The protective effects of estrogen on hepatic ischemia-reperfusion injury in rats by downregulating the Ang II/AT1R pathway. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2018;503:2543–48.

CAS  PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

Imanishi T, Hano T, Nishio I. Estrogen reduces angiotensin II-induced acceleration of senescence in endothelial progenitor cells. Hypertens Res. 2005;28:263–71.

CAS  PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

Hilliard LM, Sampson AK, Brown RD, Denton KM. The “his and hers” of the renin-angiotensin system. Curr Hypertens Rep. 2013;15:71–9.

CAS  PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

Safari T, Nematbakhsh M, Evans RG, Denton KM. High-dose estradiol-replacement therapy enhances the renal vascular response to angiotensin II via an AT2-receptor dependent mechanism. Adv Pharm Sci. 2015;2015:682745.

Google Scholar 

Kaschina E, Unger T. Angiotensin AT1/AT2 receptors: Regulation, signalling and function. Blood Press. 2003;12:70–88.

CAS  PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

Konukoglu D, Uzun H. Endothelial Dysfunction and Hypertension. Adv Exp Med Biol. 2017;956:511–40.

PubMed  Article  Google Scholar 

Tang B, Ma S, Yang Y, Yang D, Chen J, Su X, et al. Overexpression of angiotensin II type 2 receptor suppresses neointimal hyperplasia in a rat carotid arterial balloon injury model. Mol Med Rep. 2011;4:249–54.

CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Kawai T, Forrester SJ, O’Brien S, Baggett A, Rizzo V, Eguchi S. AT1 receptor signaling pathways in the cardiovascular system. Pharm Res. 2017;125:4–13.

CAS  Article